References on Tolerance and Dependence Research Using
ALZET^® Osmotic Pumps

P8494 Stoller,D.C., Sim-Selley,L.J., Smith,F.L. Role of kappa and delta opioid receptors in mediating morphine-induced antinociception in morphine-tolerant infant rats. Brain Research 2007; 1142(--):28-36. >>> Morphine; SC; Rat (neonate); 1003D; 72 hours; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; tolerance; post op. care (10% povidone iodine swab); animal info (P14, 30 g); Vetbond tissue adhesive used to close incision.

P8448 Slotkin,T.A., Seidler,F.J. A unique role for striatal serotonergic systems in the withdrawal from adolescent nicotine administration. NEUROTOXICOLOGY AND TERATOLOGY 2007; 29(-1-):10-16. >>> Nicotine bitartrate; sodium bitartrate; Water, bacteriostatic; SC; Rat; 1007D; 1002; 2ML2; 7,17 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle and sodium bitartrate; comparison of sc injections vs. mp; no stress (see pg. 13-14); dependence; animal info (Sprague-Dawley, 30 days old, male, 90 days old).

P8434 Samaha,A.N., Seeman,P., Stewart,J., Rajabi,H., Kapur,S. "Breakthrough" dopamine supersensitivity during ongoing antipsychotic treatment leads to treatment failure over time. Journal of Neuroscience 2007; 27(-11-):2979-2986. >>> Haloperidol; olanzapine; Acetic acid, glacial; water; NaOH; SC; Rat; 2ML2; 2,12,13 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; dose-response (fig. 4); comparison of SC injections vs. mp; half-life (p. 2985), 24 hours in humans, 1.4 hours in rats; tolerance; animal info (male, Sprague-Dawley, 225-250 grams); "Animal studies that use a mode of drug administration that more closely mimics clinical antipsychotic treatment (i.e., relatively continuous treatment) might be more informative about the true effects of these drugs in humans." (p. 2985).

P8415 O'Dell,L.E., Torres,O.V., Natividad,L.A., Tejeda,H.A. Adolescent nicotine exposure produces less affective measures of withdrawal relative to adult nicotine exposure in male rats. NEUROTOXICOLOGY AND TERATOLOGY 2007; 29(-1-):17-22. >>> Nicotine base; Saline; SC; Rat; 2001; 2ML2; 14, 21 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; pumps replaced after 7 days; dependence; animal info (male, Wistar; 21, 27-42, 60-75 days old).

P8396 Wenzel,P., Hink,U., Elze,M., Schuppan,S., Schaeuble,K., Schildknecht,S., Ho,K.K., Weiner,H., Bachschmid,M., Muenzel,T., Daiber,A. Role of reduced lipoic acid in the redox regulation of mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH-2) activity - Implications for mitochondrial oxidative stress and nitrate tolerance. Journal of Biological Chemistry 2007; 282(-1-):792-799. >>> Glyceryl trinitrate; Ethanol; Rat; 1007D; 4 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; cardiovascular; tolerance; animal info (male, Wistar, 250g.); nitroglycerin.

P8373 Britton,A.F., Vann,R.E., Robinson,S.E. Perinatal nicotine exposure eliminates peak in nicotinic acetylcholine receptor response in adolescent rats. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 2007; 320(-2-):871-876. >>> Nicotine hydrogen tartrate, L-; Saline, physiological; SC; Rat (pregnant); 2ML4; ; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; no stress (see pg. 872-3); dependence; animal info (female, Sprague-Dawley, gestation day 7, >70 days old).

P8341 Bruijnzeel,A.W., Marcinkiewcz,C., Isaac,S., Booth,M.M., Dennis,D.M., Gold,M.S. The effects of buprenorphine on fentanyl withdrawal in rats. Psychopharmacology 2007; 191(-4-):931-941. >>> Fentanyl citrate salt; Saline, sterile; SC; Rat; 2ML2; 2ML4; 14, 28 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; functionality of mp verified by plasma fentanyl concentrations; tolerance; dependence; animal info (male, Wistar, 300-350 grams).

P8303 Zissen,M.H., Zhang,G., McKelvy,A., Propst,J.T., Kendig,J.J., Sweitzer,S.M. Tolerance, opioid-induced allodynia and withdrawal associated allodynia in infant and young rats. Neuroscience 2007; 144(-1-):247-262. >>> Morphine; Saline; SC; Rat (neonate); 1003D; 72 hours; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; dose-response (p. 250); comparison of acute or intermittently injections vs. mp; vs. pellet; good methods (p. 249); tolerance; post op. care (IP penicillin, fluid therapy); animal info (Sprague-Dawley); morphine withdrawal; behavioral testing.

P8251 Bruijnzeel,A.W., Zislis,G., Wilson,C., Gold,M.S. Antagonism of CRF receptors prevents the deficit in brain reward function associated with precipitated nicotine withdrawal in rats. Neuropsychopharmacology 2007; 32(-4-):955-963. >>> Nicotine hydrogen tartrate; Saline, sterile; SC; Rat; 2ML2; 2ML4; 14, 28 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; dependence; animal info (male, Wistar, 250-300g.).

P8249 Almela,P., Cerezo,M., Gonzalez-Cuello,A., Milanes,M.V., Laorden,M.L. Differential involvement of 3', 5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate-dependent protein kinase in regulation of Fos and tyrosine hydroxylase expression in the heart after naloxone induced morphine withdrawal. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERGS ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2007; 374(-4-):293-303. >>> HA-1004; Water, sterile; SC; Rat; 2001; 7 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; enzyme inhibitor (protein kinase A); cardiovascular; tolerance; dependence; animal info (male, Sprague-Dawley, 220-240g).

P8048 Liechti,M.E., Markou,A. Interactive effects of the mGlu5 receptor antagonist MPEP and the mGlu2/3 receptor antagonist LY341495 on nicotine self-administration and reward deficits associated with nicotine withdrawal in rats. European Journal of Pharmacology 2007; 554(-2-3-):164-174. >>> Nicotine; Saline; SC; Rat; 2ML1; 7 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; dependence; animal info (male, Wistar, 300-350 grams).

P8268 Wilmouth,C.E., Spear,L.P. Withdrawal from chronic nicotine in adolescent and adult rats. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 2006; 85(-3-):648-657. >>> Nicotine; Saline; SC; Rat; 2002; 7 days; Controls received sham surgery; functionality of mp verified by plasma continine levels; dependence; animal info (male, Sprague-Dawley, 28 days old, 60 days old).

P8265 Sorge,R.E., Stewart,J. The effects of long-term chronic buprenorphine treatment on the locomotor and nucleus accumbens dopamine response to acute heroin and cocaine in rats. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 2006; 84(-2-):300-305. >>> Buprenorphine HCL; SC; Rat; 2ML2; 14, 28 days; Controls received sham surgery; dose-response (fig. 2); pumps replaced after 14 days; half-life (pg. 300) long half-life; tolerance; animal info (male, Long-Evans, 325-350g.).

P8264 Sorge,R.E., Stewart,J. The effects of chronic buprenorphine on intake of heroin and cocaine in rats and its effects on nucleus accumbens dopamine levels during self-administration. Psychopharmacology 2006; 188(-1-):28-41. >>> Buprenorphine; SC; Rat; 2ML2; 28 days; Controls received sham surgery; functionality of mp verified by plasma buprenorphine levels; dose-response (fig. 1); pumps replaced after 14 days; no stress (see pg. 29); dependence; animal info (male, Long-Evans, 300-350g.).

P8188 Fahey,J.M., Pritchard,G.A., Reddi,J.M., Pratt,J.S., Grassi,J.M., Shader,R.I., Greenblatt,D.J. The effect of chronic lorazepam administration in aging mice. Brain Research 2006; 1118(--):13-24. >>> Lorazepam; PEG 400; SC; Mice; 1, 14 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; functionality of mp verified by lorazepam plasma concentrations; tolerance; animal info (male, CD-1, 2-3 months old, 10-12 months old, 22-24 months old).

P8025 O'Dell,L.E., Bruijnzeel,A.W., Smith,R.T., Parsons,L.H., Merves,M.L., Goldberger,B.A., Richardson,H.N., Koob,G.F., Markou,A. Diminished nicotine withdrawal in adolescent rats: implications for vulnerability to addiction. Psychopharmacology 2006; 186(-4-):612-619. >>> Nicotine; Saline; SC; Rat; 2ML2; 7-8 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; nicotine plasma levels taken; dependence; post op. care (Bacitracin ointment); animal info (male, Wistar).

P8011 Tai,Y.H., Wang,Y.H., Wang,J.J., Tao,P.L., Tung,C.S., Wong,C.S. Amitriptyline suppresses neuroinflammation and up-regulates glutamate transporters in morphine-tolerant rats. Pain 2006; 124(-1-2-):77-86. >>> Amitriptyline; morphine; Saline; CSF/CNS (intrathecal); SC; Rat; 2001; 5 days; Tolerance; animal info (male, Wistar, 350-400 grams); behavioral study.

P7886 Jonkman,S., Markou,A. Blockade of nicotinic acetylcholine or dopamine D1-like receptors in the central nucleus of the amygdala or the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis does not precipitate nicotine withdrawal in nicotine-dependent rats. Neuroscience Letters 2006; 400(-1-2-):140-145. >>> Nicotine hydrogen tortrate; Saline; SC; Rat; 2ML4; 4-8 weeks; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; pumps replaced after 28 days; dependence; animal info (male, Wistar).

P7884 Jhamandas,K., Milne,B., Sutak,M., Gouarderes,C., Zajac,J.M., Yang,H.Y.T. Facilitation of spinal morphine analgesia in normal and morphine tolerant animals by neuropeptide SF and related peptides. Peptides 2006; 27(-5-):953-963. >>> Morphine sulfate; CSF/CNS (intrathecal); Rat; 2001; 6 days; Comparison of IT injections vs. mp; tolerance; animal info (male, Sprague-Dawley, 250-275g.).

P7867 Malin,D.H., Lake,J.R., Smith,T.D., Khambati,H.N., Meyers-Paal,R.L., Montellano,A.L., Jennings,R.E., Erwin,D.S., Presley,S.E., Perales,B.A. Bupropion attenuates nicotine abstinence syndrome in the rat. Psychopharmacology 2006; 184(-3-4-):494-503. >>> Nicotine bitartrate; bupropion HCL; Saline; SC; Rat; 2ML1; 7, 14 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; comparison of acute SC injection vs. mp; pumps replaced after 7 days; dependence; animal info (male, Sprague-Dawley, 389-468g.).

P7863 Rezvani,A.H., Caldwell,D.P., Levin,E.D. Chronic nicotine interactions with clozapine and risperidone and attentional function in rats. PROGRESS IN NEURO-PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY&BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY 2006; 30(-2-):190-197. >>> Nicotine ditartrate; Saline; SC; Rat; 2ML4; 28 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; dependence; animal info (female, Sprague-Dawley, 60 days old, 289g.).

P7835 Vann,R.E., Balster,R.L., Beardsley,P.M. Dose, duration, and pattern of nicotine administration as determinants of behavioral dependence in rats. Psychopharmacology 2006; 184(-3-4-):482-493. >>> Nicotine hydrogen tartrate; Saline, physiological; SC; Rat; 2ML2; 7, 12, 14, 15 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; dose-response (fig. 2); dependence; animal info (male, Sprague-Dawley); catheter tubing Lynch coil used to deliver 3 days nicotine, followed by 1 day saline, followed by remaining contents of mp (nicotine); compared with continuous nicotine administration.

P7825 Pitas,G., Laurenzana,E.M., Williams,D.K., Owens,S.M., Gentry,W.B. Anti-phencyclidine monoclonal antibody binding capacity is not the only determinant of effectiveness, disproving the concept that antibody capacity is easily surmounted. Drug Metabolism and Disposition 2006; 34(-6-):906-912. >>> Phencyclidine HCL; Saline, sterile; SC; Rat; 2ML1; 4 days; Functionality of mp verified by serum PCP concentrations; half-life (pg. 907) 3.9 hours in rats; tolerance; animal info (male, Sprague-Dawley, 270-300g.).

P7795 Peleg-Raibstein,D., Sydekum,E., Russig,H., Feldon,J. Withdrawal from continuous amphetamine administration abolishes latent inhibition but leaves prepulse inhibition intact. Psychopharmacology 2006; 185(-2-):226-239. >>> Amphetamine; SC; Rat; 2001; 2ML1; 7 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle or saline; dose-response (fig. 4); comparison of escalating SC dose injections vs. mp; dependence; post op. care (PVP-iodine); animal info (male, wistar, 300-350 g).

P7790 Visser,S.A.G., Saellstroem,B., Forsberg,T., Peletier,L.A., Gabrielsson,J. Modeling drug- and system-related changes in body temperature: Application to clomethiazole-induced hypothermia, long-lasting tolerance development, and circadian rhythm in rats. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 2006; 317(-1-):209-219. >>> Clomethiazole edisilate; Saline; SC; Rat; 2001D; 24 hours; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; dose-response (fig. 4); comparison of SC injections vs. mp; tolerance; animal info (male, Sprague-Dawley, 301g.).

P7789 Banach,T., Zurowski,D., Gil,K., Weilsbrodt,N.W., Rosenfeld,G., Thor,P.J. Peripheral mechanisms of intestinal dysmotility in the morphine tolerant and dependent rats. Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 2006; 57(-1-):73-82. >>> Morphine; SC; Rat; 2001; 72 hours; Tolerance; dependence: animal info (male, Wistar, 200g.).

P7714 Juni,A., Klein,G., Kest,B. Morphine hyperalgesia in mice is unrelated to opioid activity, analgesia, or tolerance: Evidence for multiple diverse hyperalgesic systems. Brain Research 2006; 1070(-1-):35-44. >>> Morphine; morphine-3B-glucoronide; Saline; SC; Mice; 2001; 6,12,14,19 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; dose-response (fig. 1); pumps replaced; tolerance; animal info (adult, male, CD-1).

P7591 Goktalay,G, Cavun,S., Levendusky,M.C., Hamilton,J.R., Millington,W.R. Glycyl-glutamine inhibits nicotine conditioned place preference and withdrawal. European Journal of Pharmacology 2006; 530(-1-2-):95-102. >>> Nicotine tartrate; SC; Rat; 2001; 4-7 days; Controls recived mp w/ saline; dependence; animal info (male, Sprague-Dawley, 250-300g).

P7520 Mugnaini,M., Garzotti,M., Sartori,I., Pilla,M., Repeto,P., Heidbreder,C.A., Tessari,M. Selective down-regulation of 125IY0-alpha-conotoxin MII binding in rat mesostriatal dopamine pathway following continuous infusion of nicotine. Neuroscience 2006; 137(-2-):565-572. >>> Nicotine; SC; Rat; 2ML2; 14 days; Controls received mp w/ saline; comparison of acute SC injection vs. mp; dependence; animal info (male, Wistar 250-300 g).

P8094 Duszczyk,M., Gadamski,R., Ziembowicz,A., Danysz,W., Lazarewicz,J.W. NMDA receptor antagonism does not inhibit induction of ischemic tolerance in gerbil brain in vivo. NEUROTOXICITY RESEARCH 2005; 7(-4-):283-292. >>> Memantine; SC; Gerbil; 1003D; 3 days; Comparison of acute IP injection vs. mp; tolerance; ischemia (cerebral); animal info (male, Mongolian, 12-13 wks old, 70g, carotid artery occlusion); mp primed 4 h. in 37 celsius saline; "steady state plasma levels at therapeutic range relevant to humans, were mimicked by using infusion pumps." (291).

P7735 Silva-Barrat,C., Velluti,J., Szente,M., Batini,C., Champagnat,J. Exaggeration of epileptic-like patterns by nicotine receptor activation during the GABA withdrawal syndrome. Brain Research 2005; 1042(-2-):133-143. >>> Aminobutyric acid, gamma; CSF/CNS (somatomotor cortex); Rat; 2001; 5 days; Controls received mp w/ saline or no treatment; dependence; animal info (male, wistar).

P7716 Prokai,L., Zharikova,A.D., Stevens,SM Jr  JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY 2005; 40(-2-):169-175. >>> Morphine sulfate; Saline; SC; Rat; 2ML1; 7 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; dependence; animal info (male, Sprague-Dawley, adult, 250-300g).

P7711 Lindros,K.O., Jaervelaeinen,H.A. Chronic systemic endotoxin exposure: An animal model in experimental hepatic encephalopathy. METABOLIC BRAIN DISEASE 2005; 20(-4-):393-398. >>> Endotoxin, LPS; IV (jugular); Rat; 2ML4; 4 weeks; Functionality of mp verified by plasma endotoxin levels; tolerance; tubing contains pyrogen-free saline to delay agent delivery by 36 h..

P7669 Lindblom,N., de Villiers,S.H.L., Semenova,S., Kalayanov,G., Gordon,S., Schilstroem,B., Johansson,A.M., Markou,A., Svensson,T.H. Active immunisation against nicotine blocks the reward facilitating effects of nicotine and partially prevents nicotine withdrawal in the rat as measured by dopamine output in the nucleus accumbens, brain reward thresholds and somatic signs. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERGS ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2005; 372(-3-):182-194. >>> Nicotine hydrogen tartrate; SC; Rat; 2ML4; 28 days; Controls received mp w/ saline; half-life (pg. 192); dependence; post op. care (bacitracin); animal info (male, Wistar 250-300 g, 450-650 g).

P7657 Lee,S.Y., Jang,C.G. Increases in 3H-alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid AMPA receptor binding and mRNA expression of AMPA-sensitive glutamate receptor A GluR-A subunits in rats withdrawn from butorphanol. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH-PART A-CURRENT ISSUES 2005; 68(-23-24-):2163-2174. >>> Butorphanol tartrate; CSF/CNS; Rat; 2001; 3 days; Controls received mp w/ saline; dependence; animal info (male, Sprague-Dawley 230-250 g).

P7624 Tanaka,S., Fan,L.W., Tien,L.T., Park,Y., Liu-Chen,L.Y., Rockhold,R.W., Ho,I.K. Butorphanol dependence increases hippocampal kappa-opioid receptor gene expression. Journal of Neuroscience Research 2005; 82(-2-):255-263. >>> Butorphanol tartrate; Saline, physiological; CSF/CNS; Rat; 2001; 3 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; dependence; post op. care (procaine penicillin G; animal info (male, Sprague-Dawley, 250-275 g).

P7544 Daniels,D.J., Lenard,N.R., Etienne,C.L., Law,P.Y., Roerig,S.C., Portoghese,P.S. Opioid-induced tolerance and dependence in mice is modulated by the distance between pharmacophores in a bivalent ligand series. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 2005; 102(-52-):19208-19213. >>> Morphine; DN-20; MDAN-16; MDAN-17; MDAN-18; MDAN-19; MDAN-20; MDAN21; MA19; Saline, sterile; CSF/CNS; Mice; 1003D; 3 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; tolerance; dependance; cyanoacrylate adhesive; animal info (male, ICR, 25-30 g); mp primed in 37 C saline overnight; MDAN is mu-delta-agonist-antagonist series to opioid receptors of bivalent ligands that contain different length spacers (16-21 atoms) and pharmocophores derived from naltrindole; MA is mu-agonist monovalent control; DN is delta antagonist monovalent control.

P7465 Lenard,N.R., Roerig,S.C. Development of antinociceptive tolerance and physical dependence following morphine i.c.v. infusion in mice. European Journal of Pharmacology 2005; 527(-1-3-):71-76. >>> Morphine sulfate; Saline, sterile; CSF/CNS; Mice; 1003D; 3 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; comparison of sc pellets vs. mp; no stress (see pg. 73); tolerance; dependence; cyanoacrylate adhesive; post op. care (antibacterial ointment); animal info (male, 28-45 g); mp primed in sterile saline 37C overnight.

P7457 Lin,J.A., Lee,M.S., Wu,C.T., Yeh,C.C., Lin,S.L., Wen,Z.H., Wong,C.S. Attenuation of morphine tolerance by intrathecal gabapentin is associated with suppression of morphine-evoked excitatory amino acid release in the rat spinal cord. Brain Research 2005; 1054(-2-):167-173. >>> Morphine; gabapentin; Saline, normal; CSF/CNS (intrathecal); Rat; 2001; 5 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; comparison of acute IT infusions vs. mp; tolerance; animal info (male, Wistar, 400-450 g).

P7456 Bruijnzeel,A.W., Markou,A. Decreased sensitivity to the effects of dopamine D1-like, but not D2-like, receptor antagonism in the posterior hypothalamic region/anterior ventral tegmental area on brain reward function during chronic exposure to nicotine in rats. Brain Research 2005; 1058(-1-2-):91-100. >>> Nicotine hydrogen tartrate; Saline; SC; Rat; 2ML2; 2ML4; 6-28 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; dependence; animal info (male, Wistar, 300-350 g).

P7454 Daiber,A., Oelze,M., Coldewey,M., Kaiser,K., Huth,C., Schildknecht,S., Bachschmid,M., Nazirisadeh,Y., Ullrich,V., Muelsch,A., Muenzel,T., Tsilimingas,N. Hydralazine is a powerful inhibitor of peroxynitrite formation as a possible explanation for its beneficial effects on prognosis in patients with congestive heart failure. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 2005; 338(-4-):1865-1874. >>> Nitroglycerin; Ethanol; SC; Rat; 1003D; 3 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; cardiovascular; tolerance; ischemia (cardiac); animal info (male, Wistar, 200 g).

P7448 Li,M., Budin,R., Fleming,A.S., Kapur,S. Effects of chronic typical and atypical antipsychotic drug treatment on maternal behavior in rats. SCHIZOPHRENIA RESEARCH 2005; 75(-2-3-):325-336. >>> Haloperidol; olanzapine; Water, double distilled; acetic acid, glacial; SC; Rat; 2ML4; 3 weeks; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; functionality of mp verified by plasma drug levels; comparison of daily SC injections vs. mp; tolerance; animal info (female, Sprague-Dawley, 60-100 day old, postpartum, 250-380 g).

P7446 Gaitan,G., Ahuir,F.J., Herrero,J.F. Enhancement of fentanyl antinociception by subeffective doses of nitroparacetamol (NCX-701) in acute nociception and in carrageenan-induced monoarthritis. LIFE SCIENCES 2005; 77(-1-):85-95. >>> Fentanyl; Saline; SC; Rat; 2ML1; 5 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; tolerance; animal info (male, Wistar, 250-320 g).

P7423 Sorge,R.E., Rajabi,H., Stewart,J. Rats maintained chronically on buprenorphine show reduced heroin and cocaine seeking in tests of extinction and drug-induced reinstatement. Neuropsychopharmacology 2005; 30(-9-):1681-1692. >>> Buprenorphine; CSF/CNS (nucleus accumbens); Rat; 2ML2; ; Controls received incision and pocket, no pump; dependence; post op. care (antibiotic injection); animal info (male, long-evans, 350-375 g); Plastics One 20G cannula used.

P7378 Tawfik,V.L., LaCroix-Fralish,M.L., Nutile-McMeneny,N., DeLeo,J.A. Transcriptional and translational regulation of glial activation by morphine in a rodent model of neuropathic pain. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 2005; 313(-3-):1239-1247. >>> Morphine; SC; CSF/CNS (intrathecal); Rat; 1007D; 2002; 2ML2; 3, 6, 14 days; Controls received mp w/ saline; dose-response (Fig. 1); comparison of SC mp vs. IT mp; tolerance; mp primed overhight in 37 degrees celsius saline, "a continuous adminstration protocol was used to prevent daily variations in plasma drug levels, which have been shown to enhance tolerance." (p. 1246).

P7361 Daiber,A., Oelze,M., Sulyok,S., Coldewey,M., Schulz,E., Treiber,N., Hink,U., Muelsch,A., Scharffetter-Kochanek,K., Muenzel,T. Heterozygous deficiency of manganese superoxide dismutase in mice (Mn-SOD+/-): A novel approach to assess the role of oxidative stress for the development of nitrate tolerance. MOLECULAR PHARMACOLOGY 2005; 68(-3-):579-588. >>> Nitroglycerin; Ethanol; Mice; 1007D; 4 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; tolerance.

P7280 Lodge,D.J., Grace,A.A. Acute and chronic corticotropin-releasing factor 1 receptor blockade inhibits cocaine-induced dopamine release: Correlation with dopamine neuron activity. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 2005; 314(-1-):201-206. >>> CRA-0450; Water, deionized; Tween 80; CSF/CNS; Rat; 2002; 14 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; comparison of acute icv injections vs. mp; ALZET brain infusion kit 1 used; tolerance; post op. care (pramoxine HcL/Neomycin, Tylenol); CRF1 receptor antagonist.

P7270 Jonkman,S., Henry,B., Semenova,S., Markou,A. Mild anxiogenic effects of nicotine withdrawal in mice. European Journal of Pharmacology 2005; 516(-1-):40-45. >>> Nicotine tartrate; nicotine free base; Saline; SC; Mice; 2002; 14 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; dose-response (fig. 2); stress/adverse reaction: (see pg. 42) 5 of the mice receiving the highest dose of nicotine showed damage to the outer skin, most likely due to the high acidity of the nicotine; dependence; post op. care (Bacitracin zinc ointment).

P7256 Kenny,P.J., Markou,A. Conditioned nicotine withdrawal profoundly decreases the activity of brain reward systems. Journal of Neuroscience 2005; 25(-26-):6208-6212. >>> Nicotine hydrogen tartrate salt; Saline, sterile; SC; Rat; 2ML2; 2 weeks; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; dependence; post op. care (Bacitracin ointment).

P7241 Gu,G.B., Kondo,I., Hua,X.Y., Yaksh,T.L. Resting and evoked spinal substance P release during chronic intrathecal morphine infusion: Parallels with tolerance and dependence. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 2005; 314(-3-):1362-1369. >>> Morphine sulfate; saline, sterile physiological; CSF/CNS (intrathecal); Rat; 2001; 1, 6 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; tolerance; dependence.

P7234 Grilli,M., Parodi,M., Raiteri,M., Marchi,M. Chronic nicotine differentially affects the function of nicotinic receptor subtypes regulating neurotransmitter release. Journal of Neurochemistry 2005; 93(-5-):1353-1360. >>> Nicotine hydrogen bitartrate; Saline; SC; Rat; 2ML2; 10 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; tolerance; dependence.

P7185 Kim,S.Y., Chudapongse,N., Lee,S.M., Levin,M.C., Oh,J.T., Park,H.J., Ho,I.K. Proteomic analysis of phosphotyrosyl proteins in morphine-dependent rat brains. MOLECULAR BRAIN RESEARCH 2005; 133(-1-):58-70. >>> Morphine sulfate; Saline, sterile physiological; CSF/CNS; Rat; 2001; 72 hours; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; functionality of mp verified by residual volume; good methods p. 60; dependence; post op. care (sensorcaine, procaine penicillin G); mp primed overnight in 35 degrees celsius saline.

P7173 Davidson,C., Lee,T.H., Ellinwood,E.H. Acute and chronic continuous methamphetamine have different long-term behavioral and neurochemical consequences. NEUROCHEMISTRY INTERNATIONAL 2005; 46(-3-):189-203. >>> Methamphetamine; Saline, sterile; SC; Rat; 2ML1; 7 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; functionality of mp verified by residual volume; comparison of SC injections vs. mp; half-life (p. 189) 15-70 minutes in rodents; dependence; "MP treatment provides a better pharmakodynamic model for the human methamphetamine binger and may also better approximate the neuropathological outcome known in humans." (p. 200).

P6970 Shoaib,M., Bizarro,L. Deficits in a sustained attention task following nicotine withdrawal in rats. Psychopharmacology 2005; 178(-2-3-):211-222. >>> Nicotine bitartrate; Saline, isotonic; NaOH; SC; Rat; 7 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; nicotine plasma levels taken; dose-response (p. 9); dependence; behavioral study.

P6900 Berrendero,F., Mendizabal,V., Robledo,P., Galeote,L., Bilkei-Gorzo,A., Zimmer,A., Maldonado,R. Nicotine-induced antinociception, rewarding effects, and physical dependence are decreased in mice lacking the preproenkephalin gene. Journal of Neuroscience 2005; 25(-5-):1103-1112. >>> Nicotine; Saline; SC; Mice (knockout); 2001; 6 days; Dependence.

P6875 Benavides,M., Laorden,M.L., Milanes,M.V. Involvement of 3',5';-cyclic adenosine monophosphate-dependent protein kinase in regulation of Fos expression and tyrosine hydroxylase levels during morphine withdrawal in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus and medulla oblongata catecholaminergic cell groups. Journal of Neurochemistry 2005; 92(-2-):246-254. >>> HA-1004; Water, sterile; SC; Rat; 2001; 7 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; no stress (see pg. 249); enzyme inhibitor (cAMP-dependent protein kinase); dependence.

P7134 breu-Villaca,Y., Seidler,F.J., Slotkin,T.A., Slotkin,T.A. Does prenatal nicotine exposure sensitize the brain to nicotine-induced neurotoxicity in adolescence?. Neuropsychopharmacology 2004; 29(--):1440-1450. >>> Nicotine bitartrate; Water, bacteriostatic; SC; Rat (pregnant); 1002, 2ML2; 17 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle and sodium bitartrate; teratology; dependence.

P7082 Trujillo,K.A., Kubota,K.S., Warmoth,K.P. Continuous administration of opioids produces locomotor sensitization. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 2004; 79(-4-):661-669. >>> Morphine sulfate; fentanyl; Saline; SC; Rat; 2ML1; 7 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; comparison of pellets vs. mp; tolerance; mp primed overnight in saline at room temperature; pain; animal info (225-250 grams).

P7061 King,G.R., Hillburn,C., Pinto,G., Konen,J. The effects of continuous cocaine dose, treatment, and withdrawal duration on the induction of behavioral tolerance and dopamine autoreceptor function. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 2004; 78(-2-):293-300. >>> Cocaine HCL; Saline, isotonic; SC; Rat; 2ML2; 3,7 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; dose-response; tolerance; "mp slightly modified by adding a microdialysis fiber to the output portal to eliminate tissue necrosis from the cocaine." (pg. 294); mp primed in 37 degree Celsius water for 4 hours.

P7059 Kim,S.Y., Chudapongse,N., Lee,S.M., Levin,M.C., Oh,J.T., Park,H.J., Ho,I.K. Proteomic analysis of phosphotyrosyl proteins in the rat brain: Effect of butorphanol dependence. Journal of Neuroscience Research 2004; 77(-6-):867-877. >>> Butorphanol tartrate; CSF/CNS; Rat; 2001; 72 hours; Controls received mp w/ saline; functionality of mp verified by residual drug volume; dependence; post op. care (procaine penicillin G); stadol; mp primed overnight at 35 degree C in sterile saline.

P7057 Leri,F., Tremblay,A., Sorge,R.E., Stewart,J. Methadone maintenance reduces heroin- and cocaine-induced relapse without affecting stress-induced relapse in a rodent model of poly-drug use. Neuropsychopharmacology 2004; 29(-7-):1312-1320. >>> Methadone HCL; Saline, physiological; SC; Rat; 2ML2; 2 weeks; Controls received mp w/ vehicle, or sham surgery; dose-response (Fig. 1); dependence.

P7020 Stoller,D.C., Smith,F.L. Buprenorphine blocks withdrawal in morphine-dependent rat pups. PEDIATRIC ANESTHESIA 2004; 14(-8-):642-649. >>> Morphine sulphate; Water, distilled; SC; Rat (neonate); 1003D; 72 hours; Controls received mp w/ isotonic saline; dependence.

P7012 Yoburn,B.C., Purohit,V., Patel,K., Zhang,Q.Y. Opioid agonist and antagonist treatment differentially regulates immunoreactive mu-opioid receptors and dynamin-2 in vivo. European Journal of Pharmacology 2004; 498(-1-3-):87-96. >>> Naloxone; etorphine hcl; morphine sulfate; Saline, normal; SC; Mice; 2001; 7 days; Controls received inert, placebo pellets or saline injections; comparison of SC injections vs. pellets vs. mp; tolerance; "Intermittent naloxone and etorphine treatment did not regulate u-opioid receptor or dynamin-2, despite the fact that the total amount of drug administered was the same as continuous treatment." (pg. 94); animal info (m, 22-30 grams).

P7011 Wang,C.H., Lee,T.H., Tsai,Y.J., Liu,J.K., Chen,Y.J., Yang,L.C., Lu,C.Y. Intrathecal cdk5 inhibitor, roscovitine, attenuates morphine antinociceptive tolerance in rats1. Acta Pharmacologica Sinica 2004; 25(-8-):1027-1030. >>> Roscovitine; morphine; DMSO; CSF/CNS (intrathecal); Rat; 2001; 5 days; Enzyme inhibitor (cyclin dependent kinase 5); tolerance.

P6990 Xu,G.P., Van Bockstaele,E., Reyes,B., Bethea,T., Valentino,R.J. Chronic morphine sensitizes the brain norepinephrine system to corticotropin-releasing factor and stress. Journal of Neuroscience 2004; 24(-38-):8193-8197. >>> Morphine sulfate; Saline, sterile; CSF/CNS; Rat; 2001; 7 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; dependence.

P6891 Salas,R., Pieri,F., De Biasi,M. Decreased signs of nicotine withdrawal in mice null for the beta4 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit. Journal of Neuroscience 2004; 24(-45-):10035-10039. >>> Nicotine tartrate; Saline; SC; Mice; 1002; 13 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; dependence; pump incorrectly stated as a 1004.

P6846 Balerio,G.N., Aso,E., Berrendero,F., Murtra,P., Maldonado,R. Delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol decreases somatic and motivational manifestations of nicotine withdrawal in mice. European Journal of Neuroscience 2004; 20(-10-):2737-2748. >>> Nicotine hydrogen tartrate salt; Saline, physiological; SC; Mice; 2001; 2002; 6, 14 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; dependence.

P6759 Shoaib,M., Lowe,A.S., Williams,S.C.R. Imaging localised dynamic changes in the nucleus accumbens following nicotine withdrawal in rats. NEUROIMAGE 2004; 22(-2-):847-854. >>> Nicotine; SC; Rat; 7 days; Controls received mp w/ saline; dependence; MRI.

P6729 Lewanowitsch,T., White,J.M., Irvine,R.J. Use of radiotelemetry to evaluate respiratory depression produced by chronic methadone administration. European Journal of Pharmacology 2004; 484(-2-3-):303-310. >>> Methadone, hydrochloride; Saline; SC; Rat; 2ML1; 4 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; tolerance; telemetry device used in IP cavity during SC infusion.

P6690 Szabo,S.T., Gold,M.S., Goldberger,B.A., Blier,P. Effects of sustained gamma-hydroxybutyrate treatments on spontaneous and evoked firing activity of locus coeruleus norepinephrine neurons. Biological Psychiatry 2004; 55(-9-):934-939. >>> Hydroxybutyrate, gamma-; Saline; SC; Rat; 2,10 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; dependence; agent is a drug of abuse, known as "liquid ecstacy" or GHB (sodium oxybate); pump model not listed.

P6682 Matell,M.S., King,G.R., Meck,W.H. Differential modulation of clock speed by the administration of intermittent versus continuous cocaine. Behavioral Neuroscience 2004; 118(-1-):150-156. >>> Cocaine, hydrochloride; Saline; SC; Rat; 2ML2; 2 weeks; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; functionality of mp verified by residual volume; comparison of IP injections vs. SC mp; tolerance; "The cocaine pumps were slightly modified by adding a microdialysis fiber to the output portal to minimize tissue necrosis from the cocaine." p. 151; behavioral study.

P6574 Wen,Z.H., Chang,Y.C., Cherng,C.H., Wang,J.J., Tao,P.L., Wong,C.S. Increasing of intrathecal CSF excitatory amino acids concentration following morphine challenge in morphine-tolerant rats. Brain Research 2004; 995(-2-):253-259. >>> Morphine; MK-801; CSF/CNS (intrathecal); Rat; 2001; 5 days; Controls received mp w/ saline; tolerance.

P6500 Vaglenova,J., Birru,S., Pandiella,N.M., Breese,C.R. An assessment of the long-term developmental and behavioral teratogenicity of prenatal nicotine exposure. Behavioural Brain Research 2004; 150(-1-2-):159-170. >>> Nicotine base; Saline, physiological; SC; Rat (pregnant); 28 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; no stress (see pg.161); teratology; dependence.

P6468 Lane,D.A., Tortorici,V., Morgan,M.M. Behavioral and electrophysiological evidence for tolerance to continuous morphine administration into the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray. Neuroscience 2004; 125(-1-):63-69. >>> Morphine sulfate; CSF/CNS (periaqueductal gray); Rat; 2-4 days; Controls received mp w/ saline; tolerance.

P6424 Terman,G.W., Jin,W.Z., Cheong,Y.P., Lowe,J., Caron,M.G., Lefkowitz,R.J., Chavkin,C. G-protein receptor kinase 3 (GRK3) influences opioid analgesic tolerance but not opioid withdrawal. British Journal of Pharmacology 2004; 141(-1-):55-64. >>> Fentanyl; SC; Mice (knockout); 1007D; 7 days; Tolerance; behavioral study.

P6401 Bailey,A., Davis,L., Lesscher,H.M.B., Kelly,M.D.W., Ledent,C., Hourani,S.M.O., Kitchen,I. Enhanced morphine withdrawal and mu-opioid receptor G-protein coupling in A2A adenosine receptor knockout in mice. Journal of Neurochemistry 2004; 88(-4-):827-834. >>> Morphine; Saline; SC; Mice (knockout); 1007D; 7 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; dependence.

P6278 Azar,M.R., Ahmed,S.H., Lintz,R., Gutierrez,T., Stinus,L., Koob,G.F. A non-invasive gating device for continuous drug delivery that allows control over the timing and duration of spontaneous opiate withdrawal. Journal of Neuroscience Methods 2004; 135(-1-2-):129-135. >>> Heroin; Saline; SC; Rat; 2ML2; 192 hours; Comparison of sc injections&pellet vs. mp; dependence; 3 day recovery period; pumps connected to a novel gating device to allow on-off delivery; assembly schematic (p. 131); infusions were delivered in 48 hour intervals; animal info (m, wistar, 300-380 grams).

P6256 Paterson,N.E., Markou,A. Prolonged nicotine dependence associated with extended access to nicotine self-administration in rats. Psychopharmacology 2004; 173(-1-2-):64-72. >>> Nicotine; Saline; SC; Rat; 2ML1; 1 week; Dependence; post op. care (topical iodine); lists nicotine dependence dose for infusion.

R0203 Seymour,P.A., Schmidt,A.W., Schulz,D.W. The pharmacology of CP-154,526, a non-peptide antagonist of the CRH1 receptor: a review. CNS DRUG REVIEWS 2003; 9(-1-):57-96. >>> CP-154,526; Rat; 14 days; Dependence.

P6706 Paula-Barbosa,M.M., Pereira,P.A., Cadete-Leite,A., Madeira,M.D. NGF and NT-3 exert differential effects on the expression of neuropeptides in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of rats withdrawn from ethanol treatment. Brain Research 2003; 983(-1-2-):64-73. >>> Nerve growth factor; NT-3; CSF, artificial; BSA; CSF/CNS; Rat; 2002; 10 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; ALZET brain infusion kit used; dependence; post op. care (local antiseptic); agent was placed in catheter, tubing had an air-oil spacer at pump end, mp contained methylene blue (p.66).

P6686 Semenova,S., Markou,A. Clozapine treatment attenuated somatic and affective signs of nicotine and amphetamine withdrawal in subsets of rats exhibiting hyposensitivity to the initial effects of clozapine. Biological Psychiatry 2003; 54(-11-):1249-1264. >>> Nicotine tartrate; amphetamine; clozapine; HCL; saline; SC; Rat; 2ML1; 7,14 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; pumps replaced every 7 days for the 14 day study infusing clozapine; dependence; "in this experiment involving three pump implantations each pump was placed in a different part of the rats' body (left or right side of the back of the animal or at the shoulder area)." p. 1252; behavioral study.

P6250 Froehlich,J., O'Malley,S., Hyytia,P., Davidson,D., Farren,C. Preclinical and clinical studies on naltrexone: What have they taught each other?. ALCOHOLISM-CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH 2003; 27(-3-):533-539. >>> Naloxone; Rat; 7 days; dose-response (p.5); dependence.

P6223 Dunbar,S.A., Karamian,I.G. Cross-tolerance between spinal neostigmine and morphine in the rat. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2003; 91(-3-):427-429. >>> Morphine sulfate; neostigmine methysulfate; CSF/CNS (intrathecal); Rat; 2001; 6 days; Controls received mp w/ saline; tolerance.

P6222 Abreu-Villaca,Y., Seidler,F.J., Slotkin,T.A. Impact of adolescent nicotine exposure on adenylyl cyclase-mediated cell signaling: enzyme induction, neurotransmitter-specific effects, regional selectivities, and the role of withdrawal. Brain Research 2003; 988(-1-2-):164-172. >>> Nicotine bitartrate; Water, bacteriostatic; SC; Rat; 1002; 17.5 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle and sodium bitartrate; comparison of SC injections vs. mp; dependence.

P6118 Kim,D.S., Lim,H.K., Jang,S.Y., Oh,S. Changes of the level of G protein alpha-subunit mRNA by tolerance to and withdrawal from butorphanol. Neurochemical Research 2003; 28(-12-):1771-1778. >>> Butorphanol; Saline; CSF/CNS; Rat; 2001; 3 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; tolerance; guide cannula used (10mm); solution was filter sterilized.

P6108 Damaj,M.I., Kao,W., Martin,B.R. Characterization of spontaneous and precipitated nicotine withdrawal in the mouse. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 2003; 307(-2-):526-534. >>> Nicotine; Saline; SC; Mice; 2001; 2002; 2004; 7,14,28, 56 days; Pumps replaced every 28 days for the 2 month study; dependence.

P6102 Martinez-Rodriguez,R., Toledano,A., Alvarez,M.I., Turegano,L., Colman,O., Roses,P., de Segura,I.G., De Miguel,E. Chronic nicotine administration increases NGF-like immunoreactivity in frontoparietal cerebral cortex. Journal of Neuroscience Research 2003; 73(-5-):708-716. >>> Nicotine; Saline; IP; Rat; 2ML2; 14 days; dependence.

P5998 Hsu,F.C., Smith,S.S. Progesterone withdrawal reduces paired-pulse inhibition in rat hippocampus: Dependence on GABA(A) receptor alpha 4 subunit upregulation. Journal of Neurophysiology 2003; 89(-1-):186-198. >>> Oligonucleotide, phosphorotioate antisense; BSA; Saline; CSF/CNS; Rat; 1003D; 72 hours; Controls received mp w/ missense oligos; antisense (GABA receptor a4 subunit); dependence.

P5962 Fan,L.W., Tien,L.T., Tanaka,S., Ma,T., Chudapongse,N., Sinchaisuk,S., Rockhold,R.W., Ho,I.K. Changes in the brain kappa-opioid receptor levels of rats in withdrawal from physical dependence upon butorphanol. Neuroscience 2003; 121(-4-):1063-1074. >>> Butorphanol; morphine; Saline, sterile; CSF/CNS; Rat; 2001; 72 hours; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; dependence; post op. care (penicillin, 0.5% sensorcaine in wound site); guide cannula with stylet was used; dental cement used to adhere cannula to skull; protective aluminuim cap was placed around the cannula; tygon tubing was used; solutions were filter sterilized during filling of the pumps; brain diagram (p. 1066).

P5926 Cryan,J.F., Bruijnzeel,A.W., Skjei,K.L., Markou,A. Bupropion enhances brain reward function and reverses the affective and somatic aspects of nicotine withdrawal in the rat. Psychopharmacology 2003; 168(-3-):347-358. >>> Nicotine; Saline; SC; Rat; 2ML1; 7 days; Dependence; post op. care (povidone-iodine ointment).

P5925 Skjei,K.L., Markou,A. Effects of repeated withdrawal episodes, nicotine dose, and duration of nicotine exposure on the severity and duration of nicotine withdrawal in rats. Psychopharmacology 2003; 168(-3-):280-292. >>> Nicotine tartrate; Saline; SC; Rat; 2ML1; 2ML4; 4 weeks; 7 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; two doses used; dependence; post op. care (wound covered w/ povidone-iodine ointment); pumps contained varied doses.

P5914 Kenny,P.J., Gasparini,F., Markou,A. Group II metabotropic and alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionate (AMPA)/kainate glutamate receptors regulate the deficit in brain reward function associated with nicotine withdrawal in rats. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 2003; 306(-3-):1068-1076. >>> Nicotine; Water, sterile; SC; Rat; 2ML4; 28 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; dependence; guide cannula&stylet used.

P5913 Laurenzana,E.M., Gunnell,M.G., Gentry,W.B., Owens,S.M. Treatment of adverse effects of excessive phencyclidine exposure in rats with a minimal dose of monoclonal antibody. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 2003; 306(-3-):1092-1098. >>> Phencyclidine; phencyclidine HCL;; Saline; sterile; SC; Rat; 2ML2; 14 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; serum levels taken; good methods p. 1093; half-life (p. 1093) =3.9 h in rats; dependence; behavioral study.

P5893 Kalinichev,M., Holtzman,S.G. Changes in urination/defecation, auditory startle response, and startle-induced ultrasonic vocalizations in rats undergoing morphine withdrawal: Similarities and differences between acute and chronic dependence. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 2003; 304(-2-):603-609. >>> Morphine; Saline; SC; Rat; 2ML2; 14 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; comparison of acute injections vs. chronic mp; tolerance; dependence; multiple pumps per animal used (2).

P5865 Vonhof,S., Gudka,B.D., Siren,A.L. Tolerance and dependence following chronic intracerebroventricular infusions of Tyr-D-Arg(2)-Phe-Sar(4) (TAPS). European Journal of Pharmacology 2003; 459(-1-):41-48. >>> Morphine sulfate; Enkephalin analog DAMGO; Dermorphin-derived tetrapeptide (TAPS); CSF, artifical; CSF/CNS; Rat; 2001; 6 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; comparison of bolus injections vs. chronic mp; pumps replaced on day 4 to achieve 6 days due to dead space in catheter; ALZET brain infusion kit used; tolerance; dependence; peptides; second hole with guide cannula&stylet used for bolus injections; (ALZET) cannula placement confimed by fast green dye&the guide cannula confirmed by methylene blue; TAPS is a potent mu-opioid receptor agonist.

P5782 Besheer,J., Bevins,R.A. Impact of nicotine withdrawal on novelty reward and related behaviors. Behavioral Neuroscience 2003; 117(-2-):327-340. >>> Nicotine hydrogen tartrate; Saline; sodium hydroxide; SC; Rat; 2ML1; ; Dependence; some controls received previously used pumps; other controls implanted with a sealed bulb of similar size and shape of pumps; "an advantage of this delivery protocol (with pumps) is that nicotine levels in the bloodstream remain fairly constant..."(p.328).

P5749 Cha,E.Y., Mouledous,L., Harris,J.R., Weech,M.A., Gutstein,H.B. Nitroglycerin inhibits the development of morphine tolerance and dependence in rats. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 2003; 74(-3-):551-557. >>> Nitroglycerin; Dextrose; water; SC; Rat; 6 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; dose-response (table 1, p.555); tolerance; Nitroglycerin (NTG) was dissolved in (5% dextrose) "A continuous infusion paradigm was utilized in both experiments to minimize any potential hemodynamic side effects from bolus NT6 administration..." (p.552).

P5717 Lin,C.R., Yang,L.C., You,H.L., Lee,C.T., Tai,M.H., Tan,P.H., Lin,M.W., Cheng,J.T. Antinociceptive potentiation and attenuation of tolerance by intrathecal electric stimulation in rats. Anesthesia and Analgesia 2003; 96(-6-):1711-1716. >>> Morphine; Saline; CSF/CNS (intrathecal); Rat; 2001; 7 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; stress/adverse reaction: (see pg. 1713) 10 animals excluded from study, 5 due to implantation failure, 3 due to pump failure, 2 due to infection; dependence; PE-10 joined to PE-20, which was joined to PE-60.

P5658 Ibuki,T., Marsala,M., Masuyama,T., Yaksh,T.L. Spinal amino acid release and repeated withdrawal in spinal morphine tolerant rats. British Journal of Pharmacology 2003; 138(-4-):689-697. >>> Morphine; CSF/CNS (intrathecal); Rat; 2002; 3 days; Controls received mp w/ saline; tolerance..

P5623 Holtzman,S.G. Discrimination of a single dose of morphine followed by naltrexone: Substitution of other agonists for morphine and other antagonists for naltrexone in a rat model of acute dependence. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 2003; 304(-3-):1033-1041. >>> Fentanyl; methadone; Saline; water, distilled; SC; Rat; 2ML2; 14 Days; Dependence.

P6585 Colpaert,F.C., Tarayre,J.P., Koek,W., Pauwels,P.J., Bardin,L., Xu,X.J., Wiesenfeld-Hallin,Z., Cosi,C., Carilla-Durand,E., Assie,M.B., Vacher,B. Large-amplitude 5-HT1A receptor activation: a new mechanism of profound, central analgesia. Neuropharmacology 2002; 43(-6-):945-958. >>> F13640; morphine HCL; imipramine HCl; ketamine HCl; gabapentin; Water, double distilled; SC; Rat; 2ML2; 14 days; Controls received mp w/ saline; dose-response (fig. 3); comparison of IP&SC injections vs. mp; tolerance; dependence; "Continuous F 13640 infusion uniquely produced profound analgesia in this model of severe, chronic pain." (p. 955).

P6208 Fan,L.W., Tanaka,S., Tien,L.T., Ma,T.G., Rockhold,R.W., Ho,I.K. Withdrawal from dependence upon butorphanol uniquely increases kappa1-opioid receptor binding in the rat brain. Brain Research Bulletin 2002; 58(-2-):149-160. >>> Butorphanol tartrate; morphine; Saline, sterile physiological; CSF/CNS; Rat; 2001; 72 hours; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; functionality of mp verified by residual drug volume; good methods (p. 150); dependence; post op. care (sensorcaine, procaine penicillin G); guide cannula&stylet used; dental cement secured cannula.

P6207 Fan,L.W., Tanaka,S., Park,Y., Sasaki,K., Ma,T.G., Tien,L.T., Rockhold,R.W., Ho,I.K. Butorphanol dependence and withdrawal decrease hippocampal K-2-opioid receptor binding. Brain Research 2002; 958(-2-):277-290. >>> Butorphanol tartrate; Saline, sterile physiological; CSF/CNS; Rat; 2001; 72 hours; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; functionality of mp verified by residual volume; good methods (p. 279); dependence; post op. care (sensorcaine, procaine penicillin).

P6183 Zhu,H., Ho,I.K., Kramer,R.E, Baker,R.C., Rockhold,R.W. Methyl Parathion Masks Withdrawal from Physical Dependence on Morphine. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2002; 3(--):1073-1081. >>> Morphine sulfate; CSF/CNS; Rat; 2001; 3 days; Dependence; guide cannula with stylet used to maintain cannula patency; verified by presence of CSF in cannula.

P6140 Mao,J.R., Sung,B.K., Ji,R.R., Lim,G. Neuronal apoptosis associated with morphine tolerance: Evidence for an opioid-induced neurotoxic mechanism. Journal of Neuroscience 2002; 22(-17-):7650-7661. >>> Morphine; MK-801; zVAD-fmk; AC-DEVD-CHO; Saline; CSF/CNS (intrathecal); Rat; 2001; 7 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; good methods p. 7651; enzyme inhibitor (pan caspase); tolerance; analgesic; AC-DEVD-CHO and zVAD-fmk are caspase inhibitors.

P5743 Jang,So Yong., Kim,Younghwa, Oh,Seikwan  Neurochem Res 2002; 27(-9-):939-946. >>> Butorphanol; CSF/CNS; Rat; 2001; 3 days; Controls received mp w/ saline; tolerance; dependence.

P5740 Berrendero,F., Kieffer,B.L., Maldonado,R. Attenuation of nicotine-induced antinociception, rewarding effects, and dependence in mu-opioid receptor knock-out mice. Journal of Neuroscience 2002; 22(-24-):10935-10940. >>> Nicotine; SC; Mice; 2004; 6 days; Functionality of mp verified by serum and urine levels of nicotine by RIA; dependence.

P5555 Castane,A., Valjent,E., Ledent,C., Parmentier,M., Maldonado,R., Valverde,O. Lack of CB1 cannabinoid receptors modifies nicotine behavioural responses, but not nicotine abstinence. Neuropharmacology 2002; 43(-5-):857-867. >>> Nicotine hydrogen tartrate; SC; Mice; 2001; ; Controls received mp w/ saline; dependence; behavioral parameters studied.

P5492 Gomes,B.A., Shen,J., Stafford,K., Patel,M., Yoburn,B.C. mu-opioid receptor down-regulation and tolerance are not equally dependent upon G-protein signaling. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 2002; 72(-1-2-):273-278. >>> Etorphine HCl; morphine sulfate; Saline; SC; Mice; 3 days; Tolerance.

P5483 Hua,X.Y., Moore,A., Malkmus,S., Murray,S.F., Dean,N., Yaksh,T.L., Butler,M. Inhibition of spinal protein kinase C alpha expression by an antisense oligonucleotide attenuates morphine infusion-induced tolerance. Neuroscience 2002; 113(-1-):99-107. >>> Morphine; Saline; CSF/CNS (intrathecal); Rat; 5 days; Tolerance; double lumen catheter used.

P5479 Sinchaisuk,S., Ho,I.K., Rockhold,R.W. Focal kappa-opioid receptor-mediated dependence and withdrawal in the nucleus paragigantocellularis. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 2002; 74(-1-):241-252. >>> Morphine sulfate; butorphanol tratrate; CSF/CNS; Rat; 2001; 3 days; Controls received mp w/ saline; dependence; minipumps were inserted 6-10 days after guide cannula implantation; stylet used.

P5472 Sharif,R.N., Osborne,M., Coderre,T.J., Fundytus,M.E. Attenuation of morphine tolerance after antisense oligonucleotide knock-down of spinal mGluR1. British Journal of Pharmacology 2002; 136(-6-):865-872. >>> Oligonucleotide, antisense; oligonucleotide, missense; CSF, artificial; CSF/CNS (intrathecal); Rat; 2001; 7 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; tolerance; antisense; oligonuceltides had specificity to metabotropic glutamate receptor.

P5450 Kim,Y., Oh,S. Changes of the level of G protein alpha-subunit mRNA by tolerance to and withdrawal from pentobarbital in rats. Neurochemical Research 2002; 27(-6-):527-533. >>> Pentobarbital; Saline; CSF/CNS; Rat; 2001; 7 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; tolerance; dependence; one week recovery period after cannula placement.

P5446 Izenwasser,S., French,D. Tolerance and sensitization to the locomotor-activating effects of cocaine are mediated via independent mechanisms. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 2002; 73(-4-):877-882. >>> Cocaine; SC; Rat; 2001; 7 days; Tolerance.

P5444 King,G.R., Pinto,G., Konen,J., Castro,G., Tran,S., Hilburn,C. The effects of continuous 5-HT3 receptor antagonist administration on the subsequent behavioral response to cocaine. European Journal of Pharmacology 2002; 449(-3-):253-259. >>> Tropisetron; LY278,584; Water, distilled; SC; Rat; 2ML2; 14 days; Functionality of mp verified by measuring residual volume; dose-response (p. 255-256); tolerance; "The minipumps were modified by adding a microdialysis fiber to the output portal to increase the surface area over which the ligand is distributed." (p. 254).

P5441 King,G.R., Pinto,G., Konen,J., Hillburn,C., Tran,S., Love,W., Cayse,R., Castro,G. The effects of continuous cocaine duration on the induction of behavioral tolerance and dopamine autoreceptor function. European Journal of Pharmacology 2002; 446(-1-3-):111-118. >>> Cocaine HCl; Saline, isotonic; SC; Rat; 2ML2; 14 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; tolerance; dependence; "The pumps were slightly modified by adding a microdialysis fiber to the output portal to eliminate tissue necrosis from the cocaine." (p. 112).

P5412 Tzavara,E.T., Monory,K., Hanoune,J., Nomikos,G.G. Nicotine withdrawal syndrome: behavioural distress and selective up-re gulation of the cyclic AMP pathway in the amygdala. European Journal of Neuroscience 2002; 16(-1-):149-153. >>> Nicotine hydrogen tartrate; Saline; SC; Rat; 14 days; Dependence.

P5341 Stoller,D.C., Thornton,S.R., Smith,F.L. Loss of antinociceptive efficacy in rat pups infused with morphine from osmotic minipumps. Pharmacology 2002; 66(-1-):11-18. >>> Morphine sulfate; Saline, isotonic; SC; Rat (neonate); 1003D; 72 hours; Controls received mp w/ saline; toxicology; teratology; tolerance; dependence; 6-day and 14-day old rat pups implanted; incision closed w/ vetbond tissue adhesive.

P5183 Javelle,N., Berod,A., Renaud,B., Lambas-Senas,L. NO synthase inhibitors attenuate locus coeruleus catecholamine metabolism and behavior induced by morphine withdrawal. NeuroReport 2002; 13(-5-):725-728. >>> Morphine sulfate; SC; Rat; 2ML1; ; dependence.

P5177 Frame,M.D., Fox,R.J., Kim,D., Mohan,A., Berk,B.C., Yan,C. Diminished arteriolar responses in nitrate tolerance involve ROS and angiotensin II. American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 2002; 282(--):H2377-H2385. >>> Nitroglycerin; Propylene glycol; SC; Rat; 1003D; 3 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; cardiovascular; tolerance.

P5072 Ise,Y., Narita,M., Nagase,H., Suzuki,T. Modulation of kappa-opioidergic systems on mecamylamine-precipitated nicotine-withdrawal aversion in rats. Neuroscience Letters 2002; 323(--):164-166. >>> Nicotine hydrogen tartrate; Saline; SC; rat; 2001; 7 days; dependence.

P6594 Xu,Z., Seidler,F.J., Ali,S.F., Slikker Jr,W., Slotkin,T.A. Fetal and adolescent nicotine administration: effects on CNS serotonergic systems. Brain Research 2001; 914(--):166-178. >>> Nicotine, bitartrate; Water, bacteriostatic; SC; Rat (pregnant); rat (adolescent); 1002; 2ML2; 17.5 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle and sodium batartrate; functionality of mp verified by plasma nicotine levels; dose-response (fig.1); teratology; dependence.

P5153 Kalinichev,M., Easterling,K.W., Holtzman,S.G. Early neonatal experience of Long-Evans rats results in long-lasting changes in morphine tolerance and dependence. Psychopharmacology 2001/9; 157(-3-):305-312. >>> Morphine; SC; rat; 2ML1; 1 week; controls received mp w/ saline; tolerance; dependence.

P5008 Robinson,S.E., Wallace,M.J. Effect of perinatal buprenorphine exposure on development in the rat. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 2001; 298(--):797-804. >>> Buprenorphine; Methadone; Water; SC; rat (pregnant); rat (neonate); 14, 28 days; controls received mp w/ vehicle; dose-response (graphs p. 802); teratology; toxicology; dependence; 28-day pumps implanted in pregnant rats; 14-day pumps implanted in 10-day old rat pups..

P5000 Tokuyama,S., Zhu,H., Oh,S., Ho,I.K., Yamamoto,T. Further evidence for a role of NMDA receptors in the locus coeruleus in the expression of withdrawal syndrome from opioids. NEUROCHEMISTRY INTERNATIONAL 2001; 39(--):103-109. >>> Morphine; Butorphanol; Saline; CSF/CNS; rat; 2001; 3 days; controls received mp w/ vehicle; good methods (p. 104-105); dependence; opioid agonists; cannula placement assessed by the presence of CSF in the guide cannula; stylets used to maintain cannula patency during 1-week recovery period;.

P4966 Stafford,K., Gomes,A.B., Shen,J., Yoburn,B.C. Mu-opioid receptor downregulation contributes to opioid tolerance in vivo. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 2001; 69(--):233-237. >>> Etorphine hydrochloride; Morphine sulfate; Saline; SC; mice; 2001; 7 days; controls received placebo pellet; functionality of mp verified by analgesia "tail-flick" dose-response test; comparison of morphine pellets vs. mp; tolerance; receptor downregulation; animal info (male, swiss webster, 22-40 grams).

P4958 Powell,K.R., Iuvone,P.M., Holtzman,S.G. The role of dopamine in the locomotor stimulant effects and tolerance to these effects of caffeine. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 2001; 69(--):59-70. >>> Haloperidol; SC; rat; 2ML2; 14 days; controls received sham pumps; tolerance; caffeine tolerance.

P4920 Cowen,M.S., Lawrence,A.J. Alterations in central preproenkephalin mRNA expression after chronic free-choice ethanol consumption by fawn-hooded rats. ALCOHOLISM-CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH 2001; 25(--):1126-1133. >>> Naltrexone; Saline; SC; rat; 4 weeks; controls received mp w/ vehicle; tolerance; dependence.

P4918 Little,H.J., Clark,A., Lindgren,S., Brooks,S.P., Watson,W.P., Little,H.J. Chronic infusion of nicotine can increase operant self-administration of alcohol. Neuropharmacology 2001; 41(--):108-117. >>> Nicotine tartrate; SC; rat; 2ML4; 28 days; controls received mp w/ vehicle; dependence.

P4917 Chew,M., White,J.M., Somogyi,A.A., Bochner,F., Irvine,R.J. Precipitated withdrawal following codeine administration is dependent on CYP genotype. European Journal of Pharmacology 2001; 425(--):159-164. >>> Morphine tartrate; Codeine phosphate; Saline; SC; rat; 2ML1; 7 days; functionality of mp verified by plasma drug levels; dose response (graphs p. 161); dependence.

P4888 Irvine,E.E., Cheeta,S., Marshall,M., File,S.E. Different treatment regimens and the development of tolerance to nicotine's anxiogenic effects. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 2001; 68(--):769-776. >>> Nicotine; SC; rat; 4 or 28 days; functionality of mp verified by nicotine plasma levels; comparison of sc and ip injections vs. mp; dose response (table p. 773); tolerance; dependence; p. 770 pumps manipulated by hand within sc pouch to prevent connective tissue from impairing infusion. Anxiogenic effects..

P4869 Wu,W.J., Sha,S.H., McLaren,J.D., Kawamoto,K., Raphael,Y., Schacht,J. Aminoglycoside ototoxicity in adult CBA, C57BL and BALB mice and the Sprague-Dawley rat. Hearing Research 2001; 158(--):165-178. >>> Kanamycin; Gentamicin; Saline; SC; rat; mice; 15 days; preliminary experiments on drug tolerance were carried out in mice using gentamicin; kanamycin infusion done in rats..

P4847 Turegano,L., Martinez-Rodriguez,R., Alvarez,M.I., Gragera,R.R., de Segura,A.G., De Miguel,E., Toledano,A. Histochemical study of acute and chronic intraperitoneal nicotine effects on several glycolytic and Krebs cycle dehydrogenase activities in the frontoparietal cortex and subcortical nuclei of the rat brain. Journal of Neuroscience Research 2001; 64(--):626-635. >>> Nicotine; Saline; IP; rat; 2ML2; 15 days; controls received mp w/ vehicle; comparison of ip injections vs. mp; tolerance..

P4844 Kest,B., Palmese,C.A., Hopkins,E., Adler,M., Juni,A. Assessment of acute and chronic morphine dependence in male and female mice. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 2001; 70(--):149-156. >>> Morphine sulfate; Saline; SC; mice; 2001; 7 days; controls received mp w/ vehicle; dose response (graph p. 153); dependence; no stress: "Subcutaneously implanted pumps also minimizes possible contextual conditioning due to repeated handling, injection of drug, and drug effect, which can influence withdrawal behavior." p. 154.

P4843 Klein,L.C. Effects of adolescent nicotine exposure on opioid consumption and neuroendocrine responses in adult male and female rats. EXPERIMENTAL AND CLINICAL PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY 2001; 9(-3-):251-261. >>> Nicotine dihydrochloride; Saline; SC; rat; 2002; 19 days; controls received mp w/vehicle; tolerance; dependence.

P4800 Li,X., Angst,M.S., Clark,J.D. Opioid-induced hyperalgesia and incisional pain. Anesthesia and Analgesia 2001; 93(--):204-209. >>> Morphine sulfate; Naloxone;; Saline;; SC;; rat;; 2ML1;; 6 days;; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; tolerance; dependence;.

P4632 Lohmann,A.B., Smith,F.L. Buprenorphine substitution ameliorates spontaneous withdrawal in fentanyl-dependent rat pups.. Pediatr.Res. 2001; 49(-1-):50-55. >>> Fentanyl citrate;; Saline, isotonic;; SC;; rat (neonate);; 1003D;; 72 hours;; controls received mp w/ vehicle; teratology; tolerance; dependence; the surgical incision was closed with Vetbond Tissue Adhesive; pumps implanted in 14-day old rat pups..

P5535 Johnstone,L.E., Brown,C.H., Meeren,H.K., Vuijst,C.L., Brooks,P.J., Leng,G., Russell,J.A. Local morphine withdrawal increases c-fos gene, Fos protein, and oxytocin gene expression in hypothalamic magnocellular neurosecretory cells. J.Neurosci. 2000/2/1; 20(-3-):1272-1280. >>> Morphine sulfate; Ringer's solution; CSF/CNS; Rat; 2001; 2002; ; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; tolerance; dependence; increasing concentrations of morphine; pump filled w/ morphine at 50 ug/ul; catheter tubing contained 40 ul of 10 ug/ul morphine solution followed by 40 ul of 20 ug/ul of morphine solution.

P5258 Ruzich,M., Martin-Iverson,M.T. Pinealectomy blocks stress-induced motor stimulation but not sensitization and tolerance to a dopamine D2 receptor agonist. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2000/10; 152(-3-):275-282. >>> Hydroxynaphthoxacine, 4-propyl-9-; Water, distilled; SC; Rat; 2002; 12 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; good methods (p.276-77); tolerance; PHNO is a selective dopamine D2 receptor agonist; "The advantages of using a continuous drug regimen are that sensitization and tolerance are produced independently of the confounding influences..." (p.275).

P5245 Tokuyama,S., Ho,I.K., Yamamoto,T. A protein kinase inhibitor, H-7, blocks naloxone-precipitated changes in dopamine and its metabolites in the brains of opioid-dependent rats. Brain Res Bull. 2000/7/15; 52(-5-):363-369. >>> Morphine; Butorphanol; H7; Saline; CSF/CNS; Rat; 2001; 3 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; enzyme inhibitor; dependence; H7 is a protein kinase C inhibitor; tygon tubing used; one week recovery period; guide cannula with stylet used to ensure patency; concomitant infusion of H7 and opioids performed by mixing agents in the same pump.

P5023 Vickers,S.P., Benwell,K.R., Porter,R.H., Bickerdike,M.J., Kennett,G.A., Dourish,C.T. Comparative effects of continuous infusion of mCPP, Ro 60-0175 and d-fenfluramine on food intake, water intake, body weight and locomotor activity in rats. British Journal of Pharmacology 2000; 130(--):1305-1314. >>> Amphetamine sulfate; Saline; SC; rat; 2ML1; 7 or 14 days; controls received mp w/ vehicle; dose-response (fig 1. p. 443); dependence; 2 administration periods, 1 6-day period, 12 days of withdrawal, then another 6-day period; "Even though the duration of amphetamine withdrawal was no longer, the magnitude of the effect was greater, and the use of mini-pumps eased drug administration considerably compared to repeated experimenter-administered injections". p. 445;.

P4793 Ivanov,A.I., Kulchitsky,V.A., Sugimoto,N., Simons,C.T., Romanovsky,A.A. Does the formation of lipopolysaccharide tolerance require intact vagal innervation of the liver?. Autonomic Neuroscience-Basic&Clinical 2000; 85(--):111-118. >>> Endotoxin, E. coli;; Saline;; IV (jugular);; rat;; 2004;; 28 days;; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; functionality of mp verified by colonic temp in E. coli delivery; tolerance; silastic catheter used;.

P4792 Holter,S.M., Henniger,M.S.H., Lipkowski,A.W., Spanagel,R. Kappa-opioid receptors and relapse-like drinking in long-term ethanol-experienced rats.. Psychopharmacology 2000; 153(--):93-102. >>> CI-977;; Saline;; SC;; rat;; 2 weeks;; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; tolerance; dependence; CI-977 is a K-opioid receptor antagonist, also called enadoline; Ci-977 has a very short duration of action, therefore this drug was given chronically by osmotic mini-pumps ..." (p. 94).

P4768 Pietila,K., Ahtee,L. Chronic nicotine administration in the drinking water affects the striatal dopamine in mice. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 2000; 66(-1-):95-103. >>> Nicotine;; SC;; mice;; 5-21 days;; Comparison of SC injections vs. mp; tolerance; dependence; chronic infusion vs. acute intermittent administration;.

P4760 Onomura,M, Tsukada,H, Fukuda,K., Kodama,M, Nakamura,H., Hosokawa,M, Ohya,M, Seino,Y  Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology 2000; 15(--):931-938. >>> Argatroban;; NaOH; HCl; Saline;; IP;; rat;; 2ML1;; 7 days;; Controls received mp w/ saline; dependence; Argatroban is an antithrombotic agent..

P4755 Jang,C.-G., Rockhold,R.W., Ho,I.K. An autoradiographic study of [3H]AMPA receptor binding and in situ hybridization of AMPA sensitive glutamate receptor A (GluR-A) subunits following morphine withdrawal in the rat brain.. Brain Research Bulletin 2000; 52(-3-):217-221. >>> Morphine;; Saline;; CSF/CNS;; rat;; 2001;; 3 days;; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; tolerance; dependence;.

P4753 Middaugh,L.D, Bandy,A.-L.E  Psychopharmacology 2000; 151(--):321-327. >>> Naltrexone;; Saline;; SC;; mice;; 2001;; 7 days;; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; dose-response (graph p. 324); comparison of SC injections vs. mp; good methods priming p. 322; tolerance; Naltrexone is an opioid antagonist; injected naltrexone reduced drinking behavior, infused naltrexone did not; repeated injections and infusion increased ethanol consumption; recovery period;.

P4728 Diaz,A, Florez,J., Pazos,A, Hurle,M.A. Opioid tolerance and supersensitivity induce regional changes in the autoradiographic density of dihydropyridine-sensitive calcium channels in the rat central nervous system.. Pain 2000; 86(--):227-235. >>> Sufentanil citrate; Nimodipine;; Saline; Ethanol; Propylene glycol; Water;; SC;; rat;; 2001;; 7 days;; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; tolerance; Group 1 received vehicle alone, Group 2 received chronic sufentanil, Group 3 received sufentanil&nimodipine, Group 4 received nimodipine alone; Nimodipine is a CA2+ antagonist opioid; sufentanil citrate was diluted in saline; nimodipine was diluted in 10% ethanol / 20% propylene glycol / 70% water.

P4727 Diaz,A, Pazos,A, Florez,J., Hurle,M.A. Autoradiographic mapping of m-opioid receptors during opiate tolerance and supersensitivity in the rat central nervous system.. Nauyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol 2000; 362(--):101-109. >>> Sufentanil citrate; Nimodipine;; Saline; Ethanol; Propylene glycol; Water;; SC;; rat;; 2001;; 7 days;; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; tolerance; Group 1 received sufentanil, Group 2 received sufentanil&nimodipine, Group 3 received nimodipine, Group 4 received vehicle; Nimodipine is a Ca channel blocker; sufentanil was diluted in saline; nimodipine was diluted in 10% ethanol / 20% propylene glycol / 70% water;.

P4723 Chen,X, Marrero,H.G, Murphy,R, Lin,Y.-J, Freedman,J.E  PNAS 2000; 97(-26-):14692-14696. >>> Morphine;; Water;; SC;; rat;; 2001;; 6 days;; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; tolerance; dependence;.

P4722 Choe,C.H, Smith,F.L. Sedative tolerance accompanies tolerance to the analgesic effects of fentanyl in infant rats.. Pediatr.Res. 2000; 47(-6-):727-735. >>> Fentanyl;; Saline;; rat (neonate);; 1003D;; 3 days;; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; functionality of mp verified by plasma fentanyl levels; dose-response (table p. 729 / graph p. 730); tolerance; dependence; pumps implanted in 14 day old rat pups; surgical incision was closed with Vetbond tissue adhesive (3M animal care products);.

P4710 Holter,S.M, Danysz,W., Spanagel,R. Novel uncompetitive N-Methyl-D-Aspartate (NMDA)-receptor antagonist MRZ 2/579 suppresses ethanol intake in long-term ethanol-experienced rats and generalizes to ethanol cue in drug discrimination procedure.. The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 2000; 292(-2-):545-552. >>> MRZ 2/579;; SC;; rat;; 2ML1;; 1 week;; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; peptides; dependence; MRZ 2/579 is (1-amino-1,3,3,5,5-pentamethyl-cyclohexane hydrochloride) an NMDA-receptor antagonist..

P4680 Hieda,Y, Keyler,D.E, Ennifar,S, Fattom,A, Pentel,P.R  International Journal of Immunopharmacology 2000; 22(--):809-819. >>> Nicotine bitartrate;; Saline;; SC;; rat;; 2ML4;; 11 weeks;; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; comparison of chronic bolus injections vs. mp; long-term study, pumps replaced after 4 and 8 weeks; immunology; dependence;.

P4653 Dunbar,S.A., Karamov,I.G, Buerkle,H  Anesth.Analg. 2000; 91(--):417-422. >>> Morphine sulfate;; CSF/CNS (spinal cord, intrathecal);; rat;; 2001;; 5 days;; Controls received mp w/ saline; dependence; detailed description of catheter preparation and surgical implantation (pgs. 417-418)..

P4536 Munro,J.D, Martin-Iverson,M.T. Circadian rhythm-dependent development of melatonin effects and tolerance to PHNO in rats.. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 2000; 65(-3-):495-501. >>> Hydroxynaphthoxacine, 4-propyl-9-;; Water, distilled;; SC;; rat;; 2002;; 12 days;; controls received mp w/vehicle; tolerance; PHNO is a selective dopamine D2 receptor agonist.

P4439 Münzel,T, Li,H., Mollnau,H, Hink,U, Matheis,E, Hartmann,M, Oelze,M, Skatchkov,M, Warnholtz,A., Duncker,L, Meinertz,T, Förstermann,U  Circ.Res. 2000; 86(--):e7-e12. >>> Nitroglycerin;; SC;; rat;; 1003D;; 3days;; controls received mp w/vehicle; tolerance;.

P4350 Carboni,E., Bortone,L., Giua,C., Di Chiara,G. Dissociation of physical abstinence signs from changes in extracellular dopamine in the nucleus accumbens and in the prefrontal cortex of nicotine dependent rats. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 2000; 58(--):93-102. >>> Nicotine tartrate;; NaOH;; SC;; rat;; 9 days;; controls received sealed plastic tubes ~same size as mps; dependence;.

P4328 Thornton,S.R., Lohmann,A.B., Nicholson,R.A., Smith,F.L. Fentanyl self-administration in juvenile rats that were tolerant and dependent to fentanyl as infants. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 2000; 65(-3-):563-570. >>> Fentanyl HCl;; Saline, pyrogen-free isotonic; SC;; rat (neonate);; 1003D; 3-5 days;; controls received mp with saline; tolerance; dependence; pain.

P3179 Watkins,S.S., Stinus,L., Koob,G.F., Markou,A. Reward and somatic changes during precipitated nicotine withdrawal in rats: centrally and peripherally mediated effects. J Pharmacol Exp.Ther. 2000/3; 292(-3-):1053-1064. >>> Nicotine tartrate; Saline; SC; rat; 2ML2; 14 days; controls received mp w/ vehicle; dependence.

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