References on the Use of ALZET^® Osmotic Pumps in Neonatal Animals

P8303 Zissen,M.H., Zhang,G., McKelvy,A., Propst,J.T., Kendig,J.J., Sweitzer,S.M. Tolerance, opioid-induced allodynia and withdrawal associated allodynia in infant and young rats. Neuroscience 2007; 144(-1-):247-262. >>> Morphine; Saline; SC; Rat (neonate); 1003D; 72 hours; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; dose-response (p. 250); comparison of acute or intermittently injections vs. mp; vs. pellet; good methods (p. 249); tolerance; post op. care (IP penicillin, fluid therapy); animal info (Sprague-Dawley); morphine withdrawal; behavioral testing.

P8182 Eskild-Jensen,A., Thomsen,K., Rungo,C., Ferreira,L.S., Paulsen,L.F., Rawashdeh,Y.F., Nyengaard,J.R., Nielsen,S., Djurhuus,J.C., Frokiaer,J. Glomerular and tubular function during AT1 receptor blockade in pigs with neonatal induced partial ureteropelvic obstruction. American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 2007; 292(-3-):921-929. >>> Candesartan; Saline, physiological; SC; Pig (neonate); 7 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; no stress (see pg. F923); animal info (female, Danish Landrace; 2, 23 days old); congenital urinary tract obstruction model.

P8207 Machaalani,R., Waters,K.A. Postnatal nicotine and/or intermittent hypercapnic hypoxia effects on apoptotic markers in the developing piglet brainstem medulla. Neuroscience 2006; 142(-1-):107-117. >>> Nicotine hydrogen tartrate salt; Water, sterile; IP; Pig (neonate); 2ML2; 11-13 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; functionality of mp verified by serum cotinine; no stress (see p.109); animal info (mixed-breed miniature piglet, 2 days old, male, female, 1.2 kg).

P7934 Zissen,M.H., Zhang,G.H., Kendig,J.J., Sweitzer,S.M. Acute and chronic morphine alters formalin pain in neonatal rats. Neuroscience Letters 2006; 400(-1-2-):154-157. >>> Morphine; Saline; Rat (neonate); 1003D; 72 hours; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; post op. care (penicillin, ringer's solution); animal info (male and female Sprague-Dawley); Vetbond tissue used.

P7924 Suryawan,A., Frank,J.W., Nguyen,H.V., Davis,T.A. Expression of the TGF-beta family of ligands is developmentally regulated in skeletal muscle of neonatal rats. PEDIATRIC RESEARCH 2006; 59(-2-):175-179. >>> Follistatin; PBS; SC; Rat (neonate); 11 days; Peptides; animal info (10 days old).

P7827 Thyssen,S., Arany,E., Hill,D.J. Ontogeny of regeneration of beta-cells in the neonatal rat after treatment with streptozotocin. Endocrinology 2006; 147(-5-):2346-2356. >>> Glucagon-like polypeptide-1(9-39); Saline; SC; Rat (neonate); 1002; 2 weeks; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; no stress (see pg. 2352); peptides; animal info (Wistar, postnatal d4, STZ-treated); GLP-1 receptor antagonist; "GLP-1-(9-39) treatment did not alter weight gain in these animals or have any visible deleterious effect." (pg. 2352).

P7198 Machaalani,R., Waters,K.A., Tinworth,K.D. Effects of postnatal nicotine exposure on apoptotic markers in the developing piglet brain. Neuroscience 2005; 132(-2-):325-333. >>> Nicotine hydrogen tartrate salt; water, sterile; IP; Pig (neonate); 2ML2; 2 weeks; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; functionality of mp verified by cotinine levels in serum and urine; no stress (see pg. 326); post op. care (cephalexin).

P7020 Stoller,D.C., Smith,F.L. Buprenorphine blocks withdrawal in morphine-dependent rat pups. PEDIATRIC ANESTHESIA 2004; 14(-8-):642-649. >>> Morphine sulphate; Water, distilled; SC; Rat (neonate); 1003D; 72 hours; Controls received mp w/ isotonic saline; dependence.

P6448 Abreu-Villaca,Y., Seidler,F.J., Tate,C.A., Cousins,M.M., Slotkin,T.A. Prenatal nicotine exposure alters the response to nicotine administration in adolescence: Effects on cholinergic systems during exposure and withdrawal. Neuropsychopharmacology 2004; 29(-5-):879-890. >>> Nicotine; Water, sterile; SC; Rat (neonate); 1002; 2ML2; 2 weeks; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; teratology; 1002's used in neonatal rats and 2ML2 pumps were used in adult rats.

P6038 Sarlos,S., Rizkalla,B., Moravski,C.J., Cao,Z.M., Cooper,M.E., Wilkinson-Berka,J.L. Retinal angiogenesis is mediated by an interaction between the angiotensin type 2 receptor, VEGF, and angiopoietin. American Journal of Pathology 2003; 163(-3-):879-887. >>> PD123319; IP; Rat (neonate); 2004; ; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; animal info (11 days old).

P5622 Sundell,H.W., Karmo,H., Milerad,J. Impaired cardiorespiratory recovery after laryngeal stimulation in nicotine-exposed young lambs. PEDIATRIC RESEARCH 2003; 53(-1-):104-112. >>> Substance P; SR140333; Water, distilled; DMSO; SC; Rat (neonate); 2001; 4 weeks; Controls received mp w/ one of two vehicles; functionality of mp verified by plasma levels of (sp); dose-response (p.241); peptides; SR140333 (A NK-1R antagonist) was diluted in 1% DMSO distilled water, alone, or in combination with (sp); pups were 28 days old.

P5628 Eiden,S., Doering,H., Schmidt,I. Developmental and food-access-dependent changes in effector systems activated by leptin. PFLUGERS ARCHIV-EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY 2002; 445(-3-):366-374. >>> Leptin; PBS; SC; Rat (neonate); 10 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; comparison of injections v. mp; peptides; 14 day and 25 day old rat pups used..

P5382 Margotti,E., Covaceuszach,S., Tongiorgi,E., Cattaneo,A., Domenici,L. TRKB signalling controls the expression of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors in the visual cortex. European Journal of Neuroscience 2002; 16(-6-):1067-1074. >>> Immunoglobulin G, TrkB; Saline; CSF/CNS (occipital cortex); Rat (neonate); 16 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; functionality of mp verified by TrkB-IgG immunohistochemistry in visual cortex; immunology; TrkB-IgG consists of the soluble form of the tirosine Kinase receptor engineered as an immunoadhesin by fusing it to the Fc portion of an IgG; 20-21 day old rats used; Fig. 2A (graphic of infusion site).

P5341 Stoller,D.C., Thornton,S.R., Smith,F.L. Loss of antinociceptive efficacy in rat pups infused with morphine from osmotic minipumps. Pharmacology 2002; 66(-1-):11-18. >>> Morphine sulfate; Saline, isotonic; SC; Rat (neonate); 1003D; 72 hours; Controls received mp w/ saline; toxicology; teratology; tolerance; dependence; 6-day and 14-day old rat pups implanted; incision closed w/ vetbond tissue adhesive.

P5198 Dunshea,F.R., Chung,C.S., Owens,P.C., Ballard,J.F., Walton,P.E. Insulin-like growth factor-I and analogues increase growth in artificially-reared neonatal pigs. Br.J Nutr. 2002/6; 87(-6-):587-593. >>> Insulin-like growth factor I; Insulin-like growth factor I, LR3-; Acetic acid; SC; Pig (neonate); 2001; 8,9 or 18 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; functionality verified by plasma levels; pumps replaced after 8 or 9 days; peptides;.

P5134 Thompson,C.I., Munford,J.W., Buell,E.H., Karry,R.J., Lee,C.T., Morgan,B.L., Radnovich,A.J. Plasma constituents and mortality in rat pups given chronic insulin via injection, pellet, or osmotic minipump. Can.J Physiol Pharmacol 2002/3; 80(--):180-192. >>> Insulin, bovine; Saline; SC; rat (neonate); 1002; 10 days; Animal info (neonates, 9 days old), controls received mp w/ vehicle; functionality of mp verified by plasma insulin levels and residual aspiration; comparison of pellet vs. sc injections vs. mp; no stress (see p. 186); "The minipumps appeared to be well tolerated and caused no obvious difficulty with nursing" (p. 186); teratology; peptides; "...pups tolerate insulin more readily from a minipump than from a pellet..." (p. 190) "pellets caused high mortality within 24 h" (abstract); "Hypothermia is safe, and it has been shown to be an effective technique for inducing anesthesia in neonatal and preweaning rats. We therefore used moderate hypothermia to subcutaneously implant the osmotic minipumps..." p. 186; "It took approximately 1.5 minutes to implant the minipump in each pup..." p. 186; "The present studies indicate that subcutaneous insulin pellets are not suitable for this purpose (chronic insulin delivery in rat pups), since rat pups do not tolerate them well." p. 191.

P5021 Eiden,S., Preibisch,G., Schmidt,I. Leptin responsiveness of juvenile rats: proof of leptin function within the physiological range. JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-LONDON 2001; 530(--):131-139. >>> Leptin, recombinant mouse; PBS; SC; rat (neonate); 1002; 2002; 9 days; controls received mp w/ vehicle; functionality of mp verified by plasma leptin levels; dose-response (page 135); peptides; 1002 pumps used in 15-day old pups, 2002 used in 24-day old pups; His6-tagged murine leptin used.

P5008 Robinson,S.E., Wallace,M.J. Effect of perinatal buprenorphine exposure on development in the rat. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 2001; 298(--):797-804. >>> Buprenorphine; Methadone; Water; SC; rat (pregnant); rat (neonate); 14, 28 days; controls received mp w/ vehicle; dose-response (graphs p. 802); teratology; toxicology; dependence; 28-day pumps implanted in pregnant rats; 14-day pumps implanted in 10-day old rat pups..

P4822 Sameshima,H., Ikenoue,T. Long-term magnesium sulfate treatment as protection against hypoxic-ischemic brain injury in seven-day-old rats.. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2001; 184(--):185-190. >>> Magnesium sulfate;; SC;; rat (neonate);; 1003D;; 3 days;; Controls received mp w/ saline; functionality of mp verified by measuring magnesium ion concentrations; teratology; seven-day old rat pups weithed on average 13.9±2.5 grams; neuroprotection; ischemia (cerebral).

P4632 Lohmann,A.B., Smith,F.L. Buprenorphine substitution ameliorates spontaneous withdrawal in fentanyl-dependent rat pups.. Pediatr.Res. 2001; 49(-1-):50-55. >>> Fentanyl citrate;; Saline, isotonic;; SC;; rat (neonate);; 1003D;; 72 hours;; controls received mp w/ vehicle; teratology; tolerance; dependence; the surgical incision was closed with Vetbond Tissue Adhesive; pumps implanted in 14-day old rat pups..

P4722 Choe,C.H, Smith,F.L. Sedative tolerance accompanies tolerance to the analgesic effects of fentanyl in infant rats.. Pediatr.Res. 2000; 47(-6-):727-735. >>> Fentanyl;; Saline;; rat (neonate);; 1003D;; 3 days;; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; functionality of mp verified by plasma fentanyl levels; dose-response (table p. 729 / graph p. 730); tolerance; dependence; pumps implanted in 14 day old rat pups; surgical incision was closed with Vetbond tissue adhesive (3M animal care products);.

P4553 Doucette,T.A, Ryan,C.L, Tasker,R.A  Physiology and Behavior. 2000; 71(--):207-212. >>> ; Saline;; SC;; rat (neonate);; 1007D;; 9 days;; controls received sham surgery; no stress (p. 211-212); good surgical methods (p. 208-209); teratology;.

P4328 Thornton,S.R., Lohmann,A.B., Nicholson,R.A., Smith,F.L. Fentanyl self-administration in juvenile rats that were tolerant and dependent to fentanyl as infants. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 2000; 65(-3-):563-570. >>> Fentanyl HCl;; Saline, pyrogen-free isotonic; SC;; rat (neonate);; 1003D; 3-5 days;; controls received mp with saline; tolerance; dependence; pain.

P4487 Fhölenhag,K, Malmöf,K, Skottner,A, Nyberg,F. Effects of human growth hormone on the porto-arterial concentration differences of glucose and amino acids in the newborn piglet.. Horm.Metab.Res. 1999; 31(--):22-26. >>> Growth hormone, recomb. human;; PBS;; IP;; pig (neonate);; 2ML1;; 7 days;; controls received mp w/vehicle; peptides;.

P4308 Thornton,S.R., Smith,F.L. Long-term alterations in opiate antinociception resulting from infant fentanyl tolerance and dependence. European Journal of Pharmacology 1998; 363(--):113-119. >>> Fentanyl HCl;; Saline;; SC;; rat (neonate);; 1003D;; 3-5 days;; controls received mp w/ vehicle; tolerance; dependence;.

P4116 Herrington,M.K., Joekel,C.S., Adrian,T.E. Effects of epidermal growth factor on neonatal pancreatic growth in the guinea pig. Int.J.Pancreatology 1998; 24(-1-):35-41. >>> Epidermal growth factor; Devazepide; DMSO; Ringer's solution, lactated; SC; guinea-pig (neonate); 1003D; 2002; 4,15 days; peptides.

P3917 Hutson,J.M., Watts,L.M., Farmer,P.J. Congenital undescended testes in neonatal pigs and the effect of exogenous calcitonin gene-related peptide. J.Urol. 1998; 159(--):1025-1028. >>> Calcitonin gene-related peptide; scrotal; pig (neonate); 2002; 2 weeks; controls received mp w/PBS; tissue perfusion (undescended testes); replacement therapy (cryptorchidism); dose-response; peptides; "Injection of excess CGRP into the scrotum may delay descent...the pig model has overcome some of these difficulties as the osmotic pump allowed precise, continuous release of low levels of CGRP." (pg. 1027);"Inguinal testes moved closer to the osmotic pumps containing CGRP...(while) CGRP injections into the scrotum in neonatal mice actually inhibited descent rather than promoting it." (pg. 1027).

P4180 Thornton,S.R., Wang,A.F., Smith,F.L. Characterization of neonatal rat morphine tolerance and dependence. Eur.J.Pharmacol. 1997; 340(--):161-167. >>> Morphine sulfate; Saline, sterile isotonic; SC; rat (neonate); 1003D; 3 days; controls received mp w/saline; pumps implanted in 14 day old rat pups; "osmotic minipumps may provide a reliable method of examining the tolerance and dependence liability of many opioids in neonatal rats" (p. 165); toxicology; teratology; tolerance; dependence; good surgical methods (p.102).

P3925 Schoknecht,P.A., Ebner,S., Skottner,A., Burrin,D.G., Davis,T.A., Ellis,K., Pond,W.G. Exogenous insulin-like growth factor-I increases weight gain in intrauterine growth-retarded neonatal pigs. Pediatr.Res. 1997; 42(-2-):201-207. >>> Insulin-like growth factor I; Saline; Acetic acid; SC; pig (neonate); 2001; 7 days; controls received mp w/ saline; functionality of mp verified by plasma assays; peptides; recomb. human IGF-I used.

P3889 Brooks,W.J., Petit,T.L., LeBoutillier,J.C. Effect of chronic administration of NMDA antagonists on synaptic development. Synapse 1997; 26(--):104-113. >>> APV; Saline; CSF/CNS (occipital cortex); rat (neonate); 2002; 14 days; controls received mp w/vehicle; ALZET brain infusion kit used; APV is 2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid.

P3542 Steeb,C.-B., Shoubridge,C.A., Tivey,D.R., Read,L.C. Systemic infusion of IGF-I or LR(3)IGF-I stimulates visceral organ growth and proliferation of gut tissues in suckling rats. Am.J.Physiol.(Gastrointest.Liver Physiol.35) 1997; 272(--):G522-G533. >>> Insulin-like growth factor I; Insulin-like growth factor I, LR3-; SC; rat (neonate); 1007D; 6.5 days; controls received mp w/ vehicle; peptides; teratology; neonates were 6 or 12 days old; recomb. human IGF-I and human LR3IGF-I used; good surgical methodology (see pg G523).

P3449 Thornton,S.R., Smith,F.L. Characterization of neonatal rat fentanyl tolerance and dependence. J.Pharmacol.Exp.Ther. 1997; 281(-1-):514-521. >>> Fentanyl; SC; rat (neonate); 1003D; no duration posted; controls received mp w/ saline; excellent methodology for working with neonates; animals were given penicillin G prophylactically, along with .5 ml saline to prevent hypovolemia; pumps were implanted 1.5 cm from the base of the tail to obviate problems w/ nursing; tolerance; dependence; teratology.

P4245 Rocha,M., Sur,M. Rapid acquisition of dendritic spines by visual thalamic neurons after blockade of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors. Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA 1995; 92(--):8026-8030. >>> APV; Saline; CSF/CNS (thalamus); ferret (neonate); 2001; 1 week; controls received mp w/vehicle.

P4033 Herrington,M.K., Joekel,C.S., Vanderhoof,C.S., Adrian,T.E. On the importance of cholecystokinin in neonatal pancreatic growth and secretory development in guinea pigs. Pancreas 1995; 11(-1-):38-47. >>> MK-329; DMSO; Saline; SC; guinea-pig (neonate); guinea-pig (pregnant); 2002; 2ML4; 1003D; 4,15 days; cholecystokinin receptor antagonist; controls received mp w/vehicle; teratology; peptides.

P1950 Glasscock,G.F., Hein,A.N., Miller,J.A., Hintz,R.L., Rosenfeld,R.G. Effects of continuous infusion of insulin-like growth factor I and II, alone and in combination with thyroxine or growth hormone, on the neonatal, hypophysectomized rat. Endocrinology 1992; 130(-1-):203-210. >>> Insulin-like growth factor I; Insulin-like growth factor II; Acetic acid; PBS; SC; rat (neonate); 1003D; 9 days; peptides; teratology; pumps implanted in 10-day old rat pups; pumps replaced on postnatal days 13 and 16; functionality of mp verified by IGF serum levels assayed by RIA.

P0594 Bouby,N., Trinh-Trang-Tan,M.M., Bankir,L. Stimulation of tubular reabsorption of magnesium and calcium by antidiuretic hormone in conscious rats: study in Brattleboro rats with hereditary hypothalamic diabetes insipidus. Pflugers Arch. 1984; 402(--):458-464. >>> Vasopressin, 1-desamino-8-D arginine; Saline; IP; rat (neonate); 2002; more than 2 weeks; no stress p. 463 - refers to value of exp. with non-stressed animals; prior to implant w/ mp, neonate rats received daily sc admin. of Vasopressin, 1-desamino-8-D arginine; peptides; teratology.

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