References on the use of ALZET^® Osmotic Pumps to Study Neurodegenerative Diseases

1. ALS

P8274 Sava,V., Reunova,O., Velasquez,A., Sanchez-Ramos,J. Can low level exposure to ochratoxin-A cause parkinsonism?. Journal of the Neurological Sciences 2006; 249(-1-):68-75. >>> Ochratoxin-A; Sodium bicarbonate; SC; Mice; 2 weeks; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; dose-response (fig. 3); comparison of IP injections vs. mp; no stress (see pg. 71); half-life (p. 71) 20-224 hours in various brain tissue; animal info (male, Swiss ICR, 22 grams); neurodegenerative (Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, Parkinson's disease); mycotoxin; "Notably chronic exposure did not alter behavior or spontaneous locomotor activity, nor did it result in abnormal clasping or posturing of the limbs when handled by the tail." (p. 71).

P8258 Rosi,S., Vazdarjanova,A., Ramirez-Amaya,V., Worley,P.F., Barnes,C.A., Wenk,G.L. Memantine protects against LPS-induced neuroinflammation, restores behaviorally-induced gene expression and spatial learning in the rat. Neuroscience 2006; 142(-4-):1303-1315. >>> Endotoxin, LPS; memantine; CSF, artificial; SC; CSF/CNS (fourth ventricle); Rat; 2004; 2ML4; 28 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; no stress (see pg. 1308); multiple pumps per animal (2); animal info (male, F-344, 3 months old); neurodegenerative (Alzheimer's disease, Multiple Sclerosis, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, etc.).

P7621 Narai,H., Nagano,I., Ilieva,H., Shiote,M., Nagata,T., Hayashi,T., Shoji,M., Abe,K. Prevention of spinal motor neuron death by insulin-like growth factor-1 associating with the signal transduction systems in SOD(G93A) transgenic mice. Journal of Neuroscience Research 2005; 82(-4-):452-457. >>> Insulin-like growth factor I, recomb. human; CSF, artificial; CSF/CNS (intrathecal, subarachnoid space, lumbar); Mice (transgenic); 2004; 5-10 weeks; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; dose-response (fig 1); long-term study; pumps replaced every 4 weeks; neurodegenerative (Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis); animal info (C57BL/6J, female).

P6730 Storkebaum,E., Lambrechts,D., Dewerchin,M., Moreno-Murciano,M.P., Appelmans,S., Oh,H., Van Damme,P., Rutten,B., Man,W.Y., De Mol,M., Wyns,S., Manka,D., Vermeulen,K., Van den Bosch,L., Mertens,N., Schmitz,C., Robberecht,W., Conway,E.M., Collen,D., Moons,L., Carmeliet,P., Carmeliet,P. Treatment of motoneuron degeneration by intracerebroventricular delivery of VEGF in a rat model of ALS. Nature Neuroscience 2005; 8(-1-):85-92. >>> Vascular endothelial growth factor, recomb. rat; CSF/CNS; Rat; 2004; 100 days; Long-term study; pumps replaced every 28 days; ALZET brain infusion kit used; VEGF was cleared from CSF within 3h; "70-80% of VEGF in pumps remained active after 4 weeks."; neurodegenerative (Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis).

P6916 Zhang,M., Li,J., Chakrabarty,P., Bu,B.T., Vincent,I. Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors attenuate protein hyperphosphorylation, cytoskeletal lesion formation, and motor defects in Niemann-Pick type C mice. American Journal of Pathology 2004; 165(-3-):843-853. >>> Roscovitine; olomoucine; iso-olomoucine; DMSO; CSF/CNS; Mice; 1002; 2, 4 weeks; Pumps replaced every 2 weeks for 4 week infusions; enzyme inhibitor (CDK); neurodegenerative (Alzheimer's disease, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, Niemann-Pick Type C disease); lynch coil used to accomodate 75% DMSO.

P6100 Feeney,S.J., Austin,L., Bennett,T.M., Kurek,J.B., Jean-Francois,M.J.B., Muldoon,C., Byrne,E. The effect of leukaemia inhibitory factor on SOD1 G93A murine amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Cytokine 2003; 23(-4-5-):108-118. >>> Leukemia inhibitory factor; CSF/CNS (intrathecal); Mice (transgenic); 2004; 13 weeks; Comparison of SC injections vs. IT mp; long-term study; pumps replaced every 4 weeks; ALZET brain infusion kit 1 used (per Dr. Feeney); used the BIK for the IT infusion; glued and sutured the cannula in place; "All mice that entered the study recovered from the surgical procedure and appeared to have no adverse effects." (p. 111); neurodegenerative (Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis).

P4452 Li,M., Ona,V.O, Guégan,C, Chen,M, Jackson-Lewis,V, Andrews,L.J., Olszewski,A.J, Stieg,P.E, Lee,J.-P, Przedborski,S, Friedlander,R.M. Functional role of caspase-1 and caspase-3 in an ALS transgenic mouse model. Science 2000/4/14; 288(-14-):335-339. >>> zVAD-fmk; DMSO; Pipes; CSF/CNS; Mice (transgenic); 56 days; Controls received mp w/vehicle; pumps replaced after 28 days; zVAD-fmk is a broad caspase inhibitor; also called N-benzyloxycarbonyl-Val-Asp- fluoromethylketone; neurodegenerative (Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis).

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2. Alzheimer's Disease

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3. Ataxia Telangiectasia

P7607 Fernandez,A.M., Carro,E.M., Lopez-Lopez,C., Torres-Aleman,I. Insulin-like growth factor I treatment for cerebellar ataxia: Addressing a common pathway in the pathological cascade?. BRAIN RESEARCH REVIEWS 2005; 50(-1-):134-141. >>> Insulin-like growth factor I; SC; CSF/CNS; Rat; mice; 1 month; 2 weeks; Peptides; neurodegenerative (cerebellar ataxia); Review, pg. 138, ref #21; "This long-term delivery system increases therapeutically available IGF-1 at least 30-fold as compared to single subcutaneous injections" (p. 138).

P6477 Browne,S.E., Roberts,LJ II, Dennery,P.A., Doctrow,S.R., Beal,M.F., Barlow,C., Levine,R.L. Treatment with a catalytic antioxidant corrects the neurobehavioral defect in ataxia-telangiectasia mice. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 2004; 36(-7-):938-942. >>> EUK-189; Mannitol; SC; Mice; 2004; 56, 84 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; long-term study; pumps replaced every 28 days; no stress (see pg.941); cancer (thymoma); EUK-189 is a synthetic catalytic antioxidant w/ both catalase&superoxide dismutase activities; neurodegenerative (ataxia telangiectasia).

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4. Huntington's Disease

P8115 Lee,S.T., Chu,K., Park,J.E., Kang,L., Ko,S.Y., Jung,K.H., Kim,M. Memantine reduces striatal cell death with decreasing calpain level in 3-nitropropionic model of Huntington's disease. Brain Research 2006; 1118(-;-):199-207. >>> Nitropropionic acid, 3-; PBS; NaOH; SC; Rat; 2ML1; 4, 5 days; Animal Info (male, Sprague-Dawley, 220-240g.); neurodegenerative (Huntington's disease).

P8039 Woodruff,T.M., Crane,J.W., Proctor,L.M., Buller,K.M., Shek,A.B., de Vos,K., Pollitt,S., Williams,H.M., Shiels,I.A., Monk,P.N., Taylor,S.M. Therapeutic activity of C5a receptor antagonists in a rat model of neurodegeneration. FASEB Journal 2006; 20(-9-):1407-1417. >>> Nitropropionic acid, 3-; PBS; sodium hydroxide; SC; Rat; 2ML1; 7 days; Animal info (male, Lewis); neurodegenerative (Huntington's disease).

P7909 Picconi,B., Passino,E., Sgobio,C., Bonsi,P., Barone,I., Ghiglieri,V., Pisani,A., Bernardi,G., mmassari-Teule,M., Calabresi,P. Plastic and behavioral abnormalities in experimental Huntington's disease: A crucial role for cholinergic interneurons. NEUROBIOLOGY OF DISEASE 2006; 22(-1-):143-152. >>> Nitropropionic acid, 3-; Water, distilled; NaOH; SC; Rat; 2ML4; 5 days; Controls received emtpy mp; neurodegenerative (Huntington's disease); animal info (male, Lewis, 340-370 g, 12 weeks old).

R0232 Brouillet,E., Jacquard,C., Bizat,N., Blum,D. 3-Nitropropionic acid: a mitochondrial toxin to uncover physiopathological mechanisms underlying striatal degeneration in Huntington's disease. Journal of Neurochemistry 2005; 95(-6-):1521-1540. >>> Nitropropionic acid, 3-; SC; IP; Rat; mice; 2002; 2ML1; 2ML4; 4 weeks; 5,14 days; Neurodegenerative (Huntington's disease); dose-response (table 1); toxicology; animal info (C57BL/6, Sprague-Dawley, Lewis); "an improved 3NP model using osmotic minipumps in Lewis rats." (p. 1526).

P7053 Zucker,B., Ludin,D.E., Gerds,T.A., Luecking,C.H., Landwehrmeyer,G.B., Feuerstein,T.J. Gabapentin-lactam, but not gabapentin, reduces protein aggregates and improves motor performance in a transgenic mouse model of Huntington's disease. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERGS ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2004; 370(-2-):131-139. >>> Gabapentin-lactam; gabapentin; Isobutanol; saline; SC; Rat; mice (transgenic); 2002; 4-8 weeks; Controls received mp w/ vehicle, or no treatment; functionality of mp verified by residual volume; long-term study; pumps replaced every 2 weeks; no stress (see pg. 137); half-life (pg. 134, 136) approx. 2 hours; "The continuous application of both GBP-L and of GBP by ALZET pumps have maintained the plasma levels so that the actions of these drugs at their targets in the CNS were not interrupted due to their rather short half-lives." (pg. 138); neurodegenerative (huntington's disease).

P6934 Lastres-Becker,I., Bizat,N., Boyer,F., Hantraye,P., Fernandez-Ruiz,J., Brouillet,E. Potential involvement of cannabinoid receptors in 3-nitropropionic acid toxicity in vivo. NeuroReport 2004; 15(-15-):2375-2379. >>> Nitropropionic acid, 3-; SC; Rat; 2ML1; 5 days; Neurodegenerative (Huntington's disease).

P6932 Escartin,C., Boyer,F., Bemelmans,A.P., Hantraye,P., Brouillet,E. Insulin growth factor-I protects against excitotoxicity in the rat striatum. NeuroReport 2004; 15(-14-):2251-2254. >>> Insulin-like growth factor, recomb. human; BSA; acetic acid; CSF/CNS; Rat; 1003D; 2 days; ALZET brain infusion kit; neurodegenerative (Huntington's disease); dental cement used.

P6770 Canals,J.M., Pineda,J.R., Torres-Peraza,J.F., Bosch,M., Martin-Ibanez,R., Munoz,M.T., Mengod,G., Ernfors,P., Alberch,J. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor regulates the onset and severity of motor dysfunction associated with enkephalinergic neuronal degeneration in Huntington's disease. Journal of Neuroscience 2004; 24(-35-):7727-7739. >>> Brain-derived neurotrophic factor; PBS; CSF/CNS (striatum); Mice (transgenic); 2001; 1 week; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; peptides; neurodegenerative (Huntington's disease).

P6441 Blum,D., Galas,M.G., Cuvelier,L., Schiffmann,S.N. Chronic intoxication with 3-nitropropionic acid in rats induces the loss of striatal dopamine terminals without affecting nigral cell viability. Neuroscience Letters 2004; 354(-3-):234-238. >>> Nitropropionic acid, 3-; PBS; NAOH; SC; Rat; 2ML1; 5 days; Enzyme inhibitor (succinate dehydrogenase); neurodegenerative (Huntington's disease); 3NP pH was adjusted to 7.4; "chronic intoxication with 3NP leads to alterations in striatal dopamine terminals similar to those found in HD patients and transgenic models." p.237.

P7106 McBride,J.L, During,M.J, Wuu,J, Chen,E.Y, Leurgans,S.E., Kordower,J.H. Structural and functional neuroprotection in a rat model of Huntington's disease by viral gene transfer of GDNF. Experimental Neurology 2003; 181(--):213-223. >>> Nitropropionic acid, 3-; SC; Rat; 2ML4; 6 days; Neurodegenerative (huntington's disease).

P6893 Bizat,N, Hermel,J.M., Humbert,S, Jacquard,C., Creminon,C., Escartin,C., Saudou,F, Krajewski,S., Hantraye,P., Brouillet,E. In Vivo Calpain/Caspase Cross-talk during 3-Nitropropionic Acid-induced Striatal Degeneration. Journal of Biological Chemistry 2003; 278(-44-):43245-43253. >>> Nitropropionic acid, 3-; calpain inhibitor I; DMSO; PBS; SC; CSF/CNS; Rat; 2001; 2ML1; 1-5 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle or sham operation; enzyme inhibitor (succinate dehydrogenase); ALZET brain infusion kit used; multiple pumps per animal (2); 40% DMSO used for calpain inhibitor I; neurodegenerative (Huntington's disease).

P5908 Bizat,N., Hermel,J.M., Boyer,F., Jacquard,C., Creminon,C., Ouary,S., Escartin,C., Hantraye,P., Krajewski,S., Brouillet,E. Calpain is a major cell death effector in selective striatal degeneration induced in vivo by 3-nitropropionate: Implications for Huntington's disease. Journal of Neuroscience 2003; 23(-12-):5020-5030. >>> Nitropropionic acid, 3-; calpain inhibitor-1; PBS; DMSO; SC; CSF/CNS; Rat; 2001; 2ML1; 5 days; ALZET brain infusion kit 1 used; neurodegenerative (Huntington's disease); 3-NP was infused using the 2ML1,&the CI-1 was delievered ICV using the 2001; CI-1 was dissolved in PBS&40% DMSO; pumps implanted simultaneously.

P5599 Sanchez,I., Mahlke,C., Yuan,J.Y. Pivotal role of oligomerization in expanded polyglutamine neurodegenerative disorders. Nature 2003; 421(-6921-):373-379. >>> Dye, Congo Red; PBS; DMSO; CSF/CNS; Mice (transgenic); 2004; 28 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; ALZET brain infusion kit 2 used (confirmed by Dr. Sanchez); neurodegenerative (Huntington's disease); 2% DMSO used.

P6179 Mittoux,V., Quary,S, Monville,C, Lisovoski,F, Poyot,T, Conde,F., Escartin,C., Robichon,R. Corticostriatopallidal Neuroprotection by Adenovirus-Mediated Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor Gene Transfer in a Rat Model of Progressive Striatal Degeneration. Journal of Neuroscience 2002; 22(-11-):4478-4486. >>> Nitropropionic acid, 3-; Water, deionized; NaOH; SC; Rat; 2ML4; 5,16 days; Controls received mp w/ nothing; gene therapy; neurodegenerative (Huntington's disease); behavioral testing; 3NP had a pH of 7.4.

P5504 Blum,D., Galas,M.C., Gall,D., Cuvelier,L., Schiffmann,S.N. Striatal and cortical neurochemical changes induced by chronic metabolic compromise in the 3-nitropropionic model of Huntington's disease. NEUROBIOLOGY OF DISEASE 2002; 10(-3-):410-426. >>> Nitropropionic acid, 3-; PBS; SC; Rat; 2ML1; 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 days; Neurodegenerative (Huntington's disease); neurotoxicity.

P5367 Sun,Z., Xie,J., Reiner,A. The differential vulnerability of striatal projection neurons in 3-nitropropionic acid-treated rats does not match that typical of adult-onset Huntington's disease. Experimental Neurology 2002; 176(-1-):55-65. >>> Nitropropionic acid, 3-; SC; Rat; 28 days; Neurodegenerative (Huntington's disease).

P5325 Blum,D., Gall,D., Galas,M.C., d'Alcantara,P., Bantubungi,K., Schiffmann,S.N. The adenosine A1 receptor agonist adenosine amine congener exerts a neuroprotective effect against the development of striatal lesions and motor impairments in the 3-nitropropionic acid model of neurotoxicity. Journal of Neuroscience 2002; 22(-20-):9122-9133. >>> Haloperidol; Olanzapine; Sertindole;; Saline; HCl; Tartaric acid;; SC;; rat;; 2ML4;; 5 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; functionality of mp verified by drug plasma levels (" ... the continuous infusion via mini-pumps is certainly the most relevant way to mimic conditions of treatment in clinic." p. 302); dose response (p. 302); comparison of SC injections vs. mp; half-life (p. 293); compared acute, subchronic (3 day) vs chronic (21 day) treatment; oral administration also examined; antipsychotics; schizophrenia; neurodegenerative (Huntington's disease); Olanzapine and sertindole were dissolved in a minimum amount of dilute HCl before dilution in saline; Haloperidol dissolved in minimal amount of dilute tartaric acid before final dilution in 0.9% saline;.

P4813 Vis,J.C., Verbeek,M.M., de Waal,R.M.W., ten Donkelaar,H.J., Kremer,B. The mitochondrial toxin 3-nitropropionic acid induces differential expression patterns of apoptosis-related markers in rat striatum.. Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology 2001; 27(--):68-76. >>> Nitropropionic acid, 3-;; Water;; SC;; rat;; 4 weeks;; Controls received mp w/ saline; neurodegenerative (Huntington's disease).

P6936 Dautry,C, Vaufrey,F, Brouillet,E., Bizat,N, Henry,P.G, Conde,F., Bloch,G., Hantraye,P. Early N-Acetylaspartate Depletion is a Marker of Neuronal Dysfunction in Rats and Primates Chronically Treated With the Mitochondrial Toxin 3-Nitropropionic Acid. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism 2000; 20(--):789-799. >>> Nitropropionic acid, 3-; SC; Rat; 2ML4; 3,5 days; Controls received empty mp; neurodegenerative (Huntington's Disease).

P4756 Leventhal,L, Sortwell,C.E, Hanbury,R, Collier,T.J., Korkower,J.H, Palfi,S. Cyclosporin A protects striatal neurons in vitro and in vivo from 3-nitropropionic acid toxicity.. The Journal of Comparative Neurology 2000; 425(--):471-478. >>> Nitropropionic acid, 3-; PBS;; SC;; rat;; 2004;; 7 days;; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; toxicology; 3-nitro-propionate also called 3-nitropropionic acid (3NP); 3NP is a mitochondrial toxin; neurodegenerative (Huntington's disease).

P4670 Ouary,S, Bizat,N, Altairac,S., Menetrat,H, Mittoux,V., Conde,F., Hantraye,P., Brouillet,E. Major strain differences in response to chronic systemic administration of the mitochondrial toxin 3-nitropropionic acid in rats: Implications for neuroprotection studies.. Neuroscience 2000; 97(-3-):521-530. >>> Nitropropionic acid, 3-;; Saline;; SC; rat; 2ML4;; 5 days;; Controls received empty pumps; comparison of IP injections vs. mp; neurodegenerative (Huntington's disease); mitochondrial toxin; neuroprotection..

P6881 Guyot,M.C., Hantraye,P., Dolan,R., Palfi,S., Maziere,M., Brouillet,E. Quantifiable bradykinesia, gait abnormalities and Huntington's disease-like striatal lesions in rats chronically treated with 3-nitropropionic acid. Neuroscience 1997/7; 79(-1-):45-56. >>> Nitropropionic acid, 3-; Rat; 2ML4; 1 month; Controls received mp w/ saline; comparison of IP injections vs. mp; stress/adverse reaction: (see pg. 47) 5 animals with 3NP and mp and 4 animals with 3NP IP injections died due to toxicity of agent, no animals w/ saline mp died or had any adverse effects; toxicology; neurodegenerative (Huntington's disease).

P6910 Jenkins,B.G., Brouillet,E., Chen,Y.C., Schulz,J.B., Kirschner,P. Non-Invasive Neurochemical Analysis of Focal Excitotoxic Lesions in Models of Neurodegenerative Illness Using Spectroscopic Imagine. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism 1996; 16(--):450-461. >>> Nitropropionic acid, 3-; azide, sodium; SC; Rat; 2 weeks; Neurodegenerative (Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease).

P6935 Brouillet,E., Jenkins,B.G., Hyman,B.T., Ferrante,R.J., Kowall,N.W., Srivastava,R., Roy,D.S., Rosen,B.R., Beal,M.F. Age-dependent vulnerability of the striatum to the mitochondrial toxin 3-nitropropionic acid. J.Neurochem. 1993/1; 60(-1-):356-359. >>> Nitropropionic acid, 3-; Water, deionized; NaOH; Rat; 2ML4; 1 month; Neurodegenerative (Huntington's disease).

P1860 Rieke,G.K., Smith,J., Idusuyi,O.B., Semenya,J., Howard,R., Williams,S. Chronic intrastriatal L-pyroglutamate: neuropathology and neuron sparing like Huntington's Disease. Exp.Neurol. 1989; 104(--):147-154. >>> Pyroglutamate, L-; Saline; CSF/CNS (striatum); rat; 2002; 9-14 days; Neurodegenerative (Huntington's disease).

P1526 Rieke,G.K., Scarfe,A.D., Hunter,J.F. L-pyroglutamate: an alternate neurotoxin for a rodent model of Huntington's disease. Brain Res.Bull. 1984; 13(--):443-456. >>> Pyroglutamate, L-; Millinog's phosphate buffer; CSF/CNS (caudate putamen); mice; 2002; no duration posted; controls received mp with vehicle; stress/adverse reaction: (pg. 450) small necrotic region seen around tip of implanted cannula in control animals; not actually a pump paper; authors' previous pump research mentioned in discussion section (pg. 450&454); neurodegenerative (Huntington's disease).

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5. Multiple Sclerosis

P8258 Rosi,S., Vazdarjanova,A., Ramirez-Amaya,V., Worley,P.F., Barnes,C.A., Wenk,G.L. Memantine protects against LPS-induced neuroinflammation, restores behaviorally-induced gene expression and spatial learning in the rat. Neuroscience 2006; 142(-4-):1303-1315. >>> Endotoxin, LPS; memantine; CSF, artificial; SC; CSF/CNS (fourth ventricle); Rat; 2004; 2ML4; 28 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; no stress (see pg. 1308); multiple pumps per animal (2); animal info (male, F-344, 3 months old); neurodegenerative (Alzheimer's disease, Multiple Sclerosis, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, etc.).

P6361 Tsutsui,S., Schnermann,J., Noorbakhsh,F., Henry,S., Yong,V.W., Winston,B.W., Warren,K., Power,C. A1 adenosine receptor upregulation and activation attenuates neuroinflammation and demyelination in a model of multiple sclerosis. Journal of Neuroscience 2004; 24(-6-):1521-1529. >>> Caffeine; ADAC; Saline; DMSO; SC; Mice; ; 1% DMSO used; pump model not listed; ADAC is an A1AR agonist adenosine amine congener; neurodegenerative (Multiple Sclerosis).

P6274 Akassoglou,K., Adams,R.A., Bauer,J., Mercado,P., Tseveleki,V., Lassmann,H., Probert,L., Strickland,S. Fibrin depletion decreases inflammation and delays the onset of demyelination in a tumor necrosis factor transgenic mouse model for multiple sclerosis. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 2004; 101(-17-):6698-6703. >>> Ancrod; SC; Mice (transgenic); 2002; 2 weeks; Neurodegenerative (Multiple Sclerosis); ancrod is snake venom.

P5323 Proescholdt,M.A., Jacobson,S., Tresser,N., Oldfield,E.H., Merrill,M.J. Vascular endothelial growth factor is expressed in multiple sclerosis plaques and can induce inflammatory lesions in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis rats. Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology 2002; 61(-10-):914-925. >>> Vascular endothelial growth factor; PBS; albumin, rat serum; CSF/CNS (caudate putamen); Rat; 2002; 12 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; peptides; 3-day recovery period by vehicle infusion; mouse recomb. VEGF used; neurodegenerative (Multiple Sclerosis).

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6. Niemann-Pick Type C Disease

P6916 Zhang,M., Li,J., Chakrabarty,P., Bu,B.T., Vincent,I. Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors attenuate protein hyperphosphorylation, cytoskeletal lesion formation, and motor defects in Niemann-Pick type C mice. American Journal of Pathology 2004; 165(-3-):843-853. >>> Roscovitine; olomoucine; iso-olomoucine; DMSO; CSF/CNS; Mice; 1002; 2, 4 weeks; Pumps replaced every 2 weeks for 4 week infusions; enzyme inhibitor (CDK); neurodegenerative (Alzheimer's disease, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, Niemann-Pick Type C disease); lynch coil used to accomodate 75% DMSO.

P5859 Camargo,F., Erickson,R.P., Garver,W.S., Hossain,G.S., Carbone,P.N., Heidenreich,R.A., Blanchard,J. Cyclodextrins in the treatment of a mouse model of Niemann-Pick C disease. Life Sci 2001; 70(-2-):131-142. >>> Cyclodextrin, 2-hydroxypropyl-ß-; Saline, sterile; CSF/CNS; Mice (knockout); 2004; 28 days; stress/adverse reaction: (see pg.139) mice were active&broke the cemented cannulae away from the skull; ALZET brain infusion kit 2 used (per Dr. Erickson); 2-Hydroxypropyl-ß-cyclodextrin is (HPBCD); methylene blue dye infused (probably not by pump) after cyclodextrin infusion to confirm the intraventricular location; delivery route somewhat confusing - paper refers to the route alternately as intrathecal and intraventricular; neurodegenerative (Niemann-Pick Type C disease).

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7. Parkinson's Disease

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