References on the Administration of Drugs of Abuse (including Amphetamines, Barbiturates, Cocaine, GHB, Heroin, Nicotine, and PCP) Using ALZET® Osmotic Pumps

1. Amphetamine

P7972 Zhang,X.W., Lee,T.H., Xiong,X.Y., Chen,Q., Davidson,C., Wetsel,W.C., Ellinwood,E.H. Methamphetamine induces long-term changes in GABAA receptor alpha 2 subunit and GAD67 expression. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 2006; 351(-1-):300-305. >>> Methamphetamine; SC; Rat; 2ML1; 7 days; Controls received mp w/ saline; functionality of mp verified by residual volume; comparison of injections vs. mp; good methods (p. 301); animal info (male, Sprague-Dawley, 300-320 grams); behavioral study.

P7795 Peleg-Raibstein,D., Sydekum,E., Russig,H., Feldon,J. Withdrawal from continuous amphetamine administration abolishes latent inhibition but leaves prepulse inhibition intact. Psychopharmacology 2006; 185(-2-):226-239. >>> Amphetamine; SC; Rat; 2001; 2ML1; 7 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle or saline; dose-response (fig. 4); comparison of escalating SC dose injections vs. mp; dependence; post op. care (PVP-iodine); animal info (male, wistar, 300-350 g).

P7514 West,C.H.K., Weiss,J.M. A selective test for antidepressant treatments using rats bred for stress-induced reduction of motor activity in the swim test. Psychopharmacology 2005; 182(-1-):9-23. >>> Amitriptyline HCl; venlafaxine HCl; clordiazepoxide HCl; imipramine HCl; phenelzine sulfate; scopolamine HBr; desipramine HCl; bupropion HCl; chlorpheniramine maleate; fluoxetine HCl; sertraline; amphetamine sulfate, D-; Water, sterile distilled; PEG; SC; Rat; 2ML2; 6,14 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; functionality of mp verified by agent blood levels; dose-response (fig. 5); animal info (male, female, susceptible, selectively bred); some animals had saline-filled catheter attached to mp to delay drug infusion by 5 days; "The most notable advantage of minipump delivery is that it eliminates stress resulting from daily injection of drug....minipumps also provide constant infusion of drug" (pg. 22).

P7312 Zhou,R., Gray,N.A., Yuan,P.X., Li,X.X., Chen,J.S., Chen,G., mschroder-Williams,P., Du,J., Zhang,L., Manji,H.K. The anti-apoptotic, glucocorticoid receptor cochaperone protein BAG-1 is a long-term target for the actions of mood stabilizers. Journal of Neuroscience 2005; 25(-18-):4493-4502. >>> Amphetamine; fluvoxamine; haloperidol; Water; ethanol; SC; Rat; 2ML4; 3 weeks; Functionality of mp verified by residual volume; 50% ethanol used [not suggested by ALZET].

P7173 Davidson,C., Lee,T.H., Ellinwood,E.H. Acute and chronic continuous methamphetamine have different long-term behavioral and neurochemical consequences. NEUROCHEMISTRY INTERNATIONAL 2005; 46(-3-):189-203. >>> Methamphetamine; Saline, sterile; SC; Rat; 2ML1; 7 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; functionality of mp verified by residual volume; comparison of SC injections vs. mp; half-life (p. 189) 15-70 minutes in rodents; dependence; "MP treatment provides a better pharmakodynamic model for the human methamphetamine binger and may also better approximate the neuropathological outcome known in humans." (p. 200).

P7090 Armstrong,B.D., Noguchi,K.K. The neurotoxic effects of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and methamphetamine on serotonin, dopamine, and GABA-ergic terminals: An in-vitro autoradiographic study in rats. Neurotoxicology 2004; 25(-6-):905-914. >>> Methamphetamine hcl; Methamphetamine hcl, 3,4-methylenedioxy-; Water, distilled; SC; Rat; 2ML1; 5 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; toxicology.

R0216 Kita,T., Wagner,G.C., Nakashima,T. Current research on methamphetamine-induced neurotoxicity: Animal model of monoamine disruption. JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2003; 92(-3-):178-195. >>> Amphetamine; SC; Mice; 1 week; Toxicology; ALZET pumps mentioned on pg. 181, ref. 36; "These pumps have a continuous uniform rate assuring a constant drug concentration." (p. 181).

P6686 Semenova,S., Markou,A. Clozapine treatment attenuated somatic and affective signs of nicotine and amphetamine withdrawal in subsets of rats exhibiting hyposensitivity to the initial effects of clozapine. Biological Psychiatry 2003; 54(-11-):1249-1264. >>> Nicotine tartrate; amphetamine; clozapine; HCL; saline; SC; Rat; 2ML1; 7,14 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; pumps replaced every 7 days for the 14 day study infusing clozapine; dependence; "in this experiment involving three pump implantations each pump was placed in a different part of the rats' body (left or right side of the back of the animal or at the shoulder area)." p. 1252; behavioral study.

P5001 Paterson,N.E., Myers,C., Markou,A. Effects of repeated withdrawal from continuous amphetamine administration on brain reward function in rats. Psychopharmacology 2000; 152(--):440-446. >>> Amphetamine sulfate; Saline; SC; rat; 2ML1; 6 days; controls received mp w/ vehicle; dose-response (fig 1. p. 443); dependence; 2 administration periods, 1 6-day period, 12 days of withdrawal, then another 6-day period; "Even though the duration of amphetamine withdrawal was no longer, the magnitude of the effect was greater, and the use of mini-pumps eased drug administration considerably compared to repeated experimenter-administered injections". p. 445;.

top of page

2. Cocaine

P8233 D'Addario,C., Di Benedetto,M., Izenwasser,S., Candeletti,S., Romualdi,P. Role of serotonin in the regulation of the dynorphinergic system by a kappa-opoid agonist and cocaine treatment in rat CNS. Neuroscience 2007; 144(-1-):157-164. >>> Cocaine; Water, sterile; CSF/CNS; Rat; 7 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; animal info (male, Sprague-Dawley, 200-250 grams).

P8166 Di Benedetto,M., D'Addario,C., Candeletti,S., Romualdi,P. Alterations of CREB and DARPP-32 phosphorylation following cocaine and monoaminergic uptake inhibitors. Brain Research 2007; 1128(-1-):33-39. >>> Cocaine; fluoxetine; GBR12909; nisoxetine; Water, sterile; SC; CSF/CNS; Rat; 2001; 2ML1; 7 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; no stress (see pg. 37); animal info (male, Sprague-Dawley, 200-250 grams).

P7061 King,G.R., Hillburn,C., Pinto,G., Konen,J. The effects of continuous cocaine dose, treatment, and withdrawal duration on the induction of behavioral tolerance and dopamine autoreceptor function. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 2004; 78(-2-):293-300. >>> Cocaine HCL; Saline, isotonic; SC; Rat; 2ML2; 3,7 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; dose-response; tolerance; "mp slightly modified by adding a microdialysis fiber to the output portal to eliminate tissue necrosis from the cocaine." (pg. 294); mp primed in 37 degree Celsius water for 4 hours.

P6682 Matell,M.S., King,G.R., Meck,W.H. Differential modulation of clock speed by the administration of intermittent versus continuous cocaine. Behavioral Neuroscience 2004; 118(-1-):150-156. >>> Cocaine, hydrochloride; Saline; SC; Rat; 2ML2; 2 weeks; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; functionality of mp verified by residual volume; comparison of IP injections vs. SC mp; tolerance; "The cocaine pumps were slightly modified by adding a microdialysis fiber to the output portal to minimize tissue necrosis from the cocaine." p. 151; behavioral study.

P6339 Collins,S.L., Kunko,P.M., Ladenheim,B., Cadet,J.L., Carroll,F.I., Izenwasser,S. Chronic Cocaine Increases k-Opioid Receptor Density: Lack of Effect by Selective Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors. Synapse 2002; 45(--):153-158. >>> Cocaine; RTI-117; GBR 12909; Saline; DMSO; water, sterile; SC; Rat; 2ML1; 2ML2; 7, 14 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; brain tissue distribution; 50% DMSO used for GBR12909.

P5488 Ellinwood,E.H., Davidson,C., Yu,G.Z., King,G.R., Lee,T.H. Effect of daily dosing duration of direct and indirect dopamine receptor agonists: cocaine cross-tolerance following chronic regimens. European Neuropsychopharmacology 2002; 12(-5-):407-415. >>> Cocaine; pramipexole; Saline; SC; Rat; 2ML2; 14 days; Functionality of mp verified by measuring residual volume; pulsed delivery - drugs administered either continuously or for 16 or 20 hrs per day (p. 409); study included behavioral testing; pramipexole is a direct dopamine agonist; microdialysis fiber attached to pump via catheter to minimize tissue necrosis caused by the cocaine (p. 408); intermittent delivery made possible by disconnecting and reconnecting an externalized catheter.

P5446 Izenwasser,S., French,D. Tolerance and sensitization to the locomotor-activating effects of cocaine are mediated via independent mechanisms. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 2002; 73(-4-):877-882. >>> Cocaine; SC; Rat; 2001; 7 days; Tolerance.

P5441 King,G.R., Pinto,G., Konen,J., Hillburn,C., Tran,S., Love,W., Cayse,R., Castro,G. The effects of continuous cocaine duration on the induction of behavioral tolerance and dopamine autoreceptor function. European Journal of Pharmacology 2002; 446(-1-3-):111-118. >>> Cocaine HCl; Saline, isotonic; SC; Rat; 2ML2; 14 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; tolerance; dependence; "The pumps were slightly modified by adding a microdialysis fiber to the output portal to eliminate tissue necrosis from the cocaine." (p. 112).

P4779 Howell,L.L., Schama,K.F., Ellis,J.E., Grimley,P.J., Kitchens,A.J., Byrd,L.D. Fetal development in rhesus monkeys exposed prenatally to cocaine.. Neurotoxicol.Teratol. 2001; 23(--):133-140. >>> Cocaine;; Saline;; SC;; monkey (pregnant);; 2ML4;; ~ 180 days;; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; functionality of mp verified by cocaine serum levels; dose-response (table 4 p. 136); long-term study, pumps replaced every 28 days for up to 180 days (until birth); teratology;.

P4882 Ellinwood,E.H., King,G.R., Davidson,C., Lee,T.H. The dopamine D-2/D-3 antagonist DS121 potentiates the effect of cocaine on locomotion and reduces tolerance in cocaine tolerant rats. Behavioural Brain Research 2000; 116(--):169-175. >>> Cocaine HCl; Saline; SC; rat; 2ML2; 14 days; controls received mp w/ vehicle; functionality of mp verified by residual volume; "The pumps were modified by adding a microdialysis fiber to the output portal to eliminate cocaine-induced tissue necrosis". p. 170..

top of page

3. GHB (Gamma-hydroxybutyrate)

P6690 Szabo,S.T., Gold,M.S., Goldberger,B.A., Blier,P. Effects of sustained gamma-hydroxybutyrate treatments on spontaneous and evoked firing activity of locus coeruleus norepinephrine neurons. Biological Psychiatry 2004; 55(-9-):934-939. >>> Hydroxybutyrate, gamma-; Saline; SC; Rat; 2,10 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; dependence; agent is a drug of abuse, known as "liquid ecstacy" or GHB (sodium oxybate); pump model not listed.

top of page

4. Heroin

P6278 Azar,M.R., Ahmed,S.H., Lintz,R., Gutierrez,T., Stinus,L., Koob,G.F. A non-invasive gating device for continuous drug delivery that allows control over the timing and duration of spontaneous opiate withdrawal. Journal of Neuroscience Methods 2004; 135(-1-2-):129-135. >>> Heroin; Saline; SC; Rat; 2ML2; 192 hours; Comparison of sc injections&pellet vs. mp; dependence; 3 day recovery period; pumps connected to a novel gating device to allow on-off delivery; assembly schematic (p. 131); infusions were delivered in 48 hour intervals; animal info (m, wistar, 300-380 grams).

top of page

5. Nicotine

top of page

6. Pentobarbital

P5450 Kim,Y., Oh,S. Changes of the level of G protein alpha-subunit mRNA by tolerance to and withdrawal from pentobarbital in rats. Neurochemical Research 2002; 27(-6-):527-533. >>> Pentobarbital; Saline; CSF/CNS; Rat; 2001; 7 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; tolerance; dependence; one week recovery period after cannula placement.

top of page

7. Phencyclidine

P7825 Pitas,G., Laurenzana,E.M., Williams,D.K., Owens,S.M., Gentry,W.B. Anti-phencyclidine monoclonal antibody binding capacity is not the only determinant of effectiveness, disproving the concept that antibody capacity is easily surmounted. Drug Metabolism and Disposition 2006; 34(-6-):906-912. >>> Phencyclidine HCL; Saline, sterile; SC; Rat; 2ML1; 4 days; Functionality of mp verified by serum PCP concentrations; half-life (pg. 907) 3.9 hours in rats; tolerance; animal info (male, Sprague-Dawley, 270-300g.).

P6979 Sams-Dodd,F. (+) MK-801 and phencyclidine induced neurotoxicity do not cause enduring behaviours resembling the positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia in the rat. BASIC&CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY&TOXICOLOGY 2004; 95(-5-):241-246. >>> MK-801; phencyclidine hydrochloride; Sodium chloride; SC; Rat; 2ML2; 6 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; dose-response; comparison of SC injections vs. mp; post op. care (wound plast); NMDA antagonists.

P6200 Balla,A., Sershen,H., Serra,M., Koneru,R., Javitt,D.C. Subchronic continuous phencyclidine administration potentiates amphetamine-induced frontal cortex dopamine release. Neuropsychopharmacology 2003; 28(-1-):34-44. >>> Phencyclidine, HCL; Saline, sterile physiological; SC; Rat; 2ML4; 3-14 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; functionality of mp verified by serum PCP levels.

P5913 Laurenzana,E.M., Gunnell,M.G., Gentry,W.B., Owens,S.M. Treatment of adverse effects of excessive phencyclidine exposure in rats with a minimal dose of monoclonal antibody. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 2003; 306(-3-):1092-1098. >>> Phencyclidine; phencyclidine HCL;; Saline; sterile; SC; Rat; 2ML2; 14 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; serum levels taken; good methods p. 1093; half-life (p. 1093) =3.9 h in rats; dependence; behavioral study.

P5135 Jebelli,A.K., Doan,N., Ellison,G. Prenatal phencyclidine induces heightened neurodegeneration in rats in some brain regions, especially during 2nd trimester, but possible anti-apoptotic effects in others. Pharmacol Toxicol. 2002/1; 90(--):20-25. >>> Phencyclidine; Saline; SC; rat (pregnant); 2ML1; 5 days; controls received a saline pellet as a "sham minipump"; teratology.

P5180 Balla,A., Hashim,A., Burch,S., Javitt,D.C., Lajtha,A., Sershen,H. Phencyclidine-induced dysregulation of dopamine response to amphetamine in prefrontal cortex and striatum. Neurochem.Res 2001/9; 26(-8-9-):1001-1006. >>> Phencyclidine HCl; Saline; SC; Rat; 2ML4; 2 weeks; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; functionality verified by PCP serum levels; NMDA antagonist.

P4936 Balla,A., Koneru,R., Smiley,J., Sershen,H., Javitt,D.C. Continuous phencyclidine treatment induces schizophrenia-like hyperreactivity of striatal dopamine release. Neuropsychopharmacology 2001; 25(-2-):157-164. >>> Phencyclidine HCl; Saline, sterile; SC; rat; 2ML4; 2-3 weeks; controls received mp w/ vehicle; functionality of mp verified by serum PCP levels; dose response (graphs p. 160); schizophrenia.

P4816 Kyosseva,S.V., Owens,S., Elbein,A.D., Karson,C.N. Differential and region-specific activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases following chronic administration of phencyclidine in rat brain. Neuropsychopharmacology 2001; 24(--):267-277. >>> Phencyclidine HCl;; Saline;; SC;; rat;; 2ML2;; 3, 10, or 20 days;; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; dose-response p. 270-271;.

top of page